1st Sem l Hotel Engineering l Solved Papers l 2018 – 19

Q.1. Classify and prepare a table showing comparative study of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels with examples.

Fuels are substances that are burned to produce heat or energy. There are three types of fuels: solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. Let’s take a look at the comparative study of each type of fuel.

Solid Fuels

Solid fuels are those which exist in a solid state at room temperature and pressure. They are primarily used for heating and cooking purposes.

Examples of solid fuels include coal, wood, charcoal, and peat.

Characteristics	Advantages	Disadvantages
High energy density	Easily available	Smoke and ash production
Slow burning	Economical	Pollution
Requires less storage space	Readily combustible	High carbon footprint
Long shelf life	Burns at high temperature	Difficult to ignite

Liquid Fuels

Liquid fuels are those which exist in a liquid state at room temperature and pressure. They are used in transportation and industrial applications.

Examples of liquid fuels include gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and biodiesel.

Characteristics	Advantages	Disadvantages
High energy density	Easy to transport	Highly flammable
More efficient combustion	Widely available	High carbon footprint
Cleaner burning	Good for high-performance engines	Spills and leaks are hazardous
Low storage space required	Reliable source of energy	Higher cost than solid fuels

Gaseous Fuels

Gaseous fuels are those which exist in a gaseous state at room temperature and pressure. They are primarily used for heating and cooking purposes.

Examples of gaseous fuels include natural gas, propane, and butane.

Characteristics	Advantages	Disadvantages
High energy density	Easily available	Explosive
Clean burning	Burns at a higher temperature	Costly
Efficient combustion	Lower carbon footprint	Requires specialized equipment
Low storage space required	Widely used in industries	Non-renewable source of energy

In conclusion, the choice of fuel depends on the application, availability, and cost. Each type of fuel has its advantages and disadvantages, and the comparative study table provided above can help in making an informed decision.

Q.2. Define electric circuit. What are the various types of electric circuit? Describe.

An electric circuit is a closed path through which electric current can flow. It consists of a power source, conductors, and electrical devices that are connected together to form a complete loop. When a switch is turned on, it allows electric current to flow through the circuit, which can then be used to power electrical devices.

There are three main types of electric circuits: series circuits, parallel circuits, and series-parallel circuits.

Series Circuit

In a series circuit, the components are connected one after another in a single loop. The current flows through each component in turn, and the same current flows through each component.

The characteristics of a series circuit include:

• The current is the same through each component.
• The voltage is divided among the components.
• The total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances.

Series circuits are used in applications where the desired output is a specific voltage or current.

Parallel Circuit

In a parallel circuit, the components are connected in separate branches. The current flows through each branch simultaneously, and the total current is the sum of the currents in each branch.

The characteristics of a parallel circuit include:

• The voltage is the same across each component.
• The current is divided among the branches.
• The total resistance is less than the resistance of the smallest individual resistor.

Parallel circuits are used in applications where the desired output is a specific voltage or current, and where reliability and redundancy are important.

Series-Parallel Circuit

A series-parallel circuit is a combination of both series and parallel circuits. It contains multiple branches, each of which is a series circuit, and these branches are connected in parallel.

The characteristics of a series-parallel circuit include:

• The voltage is divided among the series circuits.
• The current is divided among the parallel branches.
• The total resistance depends on the combination of series and parallel circuits.

Series-parallel circuits are used in applications where a variety of outputs are required, such as in audio systems or lighting systems.

In conclusion, understanding the types of electric circuits is important for designing and troubleshooting electrical systems. Each type of circuit has its own unique characteristics, and the choice of circuit type depends on the application and desired output.

OR Explain the functioning of MCB. State reasons for placing switches on livewire side.

MCB stands for Miniature Circuit Breaker, which is an automatic switch designed to protect electrical circuits from overloading and short circuits. It is a device that trips and shuts off the electrical circuit if there is an overload or short circuit, preventing any potential hazards such as fires, electrocution, or damage to the electrical devices.

The functioning of MCB can be explained in the following steps:

1. When the current flowing through the circuit exceeds the rated current of the MCB, it trips and shuts off the electrical circuit.
2. The tripping mechanism is triggered by a bi-metallic strip that bends when it is heated due to overcurrent or short circuit.
3. The tripping mechanism of the MCB is designed to operate quickly and precisely, providing protection to the electrical circuit and devices.
4. After the tripping mechanism is triggered, the MCB can be reset by switching it off and then back on, restoring the electrical circuit.

Now let’s talk about why switches are placed on the live wire side.

In an electrical circuit, the live wire is the wire that carries the current, while the neutral wire is the wire that returns the current to the source. Switches are used to control the flow of current in a circuit, and it is recommended that they be placed on the live wire side for several reasons:

1. It ensures the safety of the user by disconnecting the live wire, which is the potentially dangerous wire, in case of any accidental contact.
2. It reduces the risk of electrical arcing and sparking, which can occur when switching the neutral wire.
3. It allows for easier and safer installation, as it is easier to work on the neutral wire when it is not live.

In conclusion, MCBs are an essential component of electrical circuits, providing protection against overloading and short circuits. Switches should be placed on the live wire side for safety reasons, as it ensures the user’s safety and reduces the risk of electrical hazards.

Q.3. Explain the principles and functioning of Bunsen burner. List five properties of LPG.

A Bunsen burner is a gas burner used in laboratories for heating, sterilization, and combustion of various substances. It was named after its inventor, Robert Bunsen, a German chemist who developed the burner in the 1850s. The burner is composed of a vertical metal tube with a gas inlet at the bottom and a mixture of air and gas inlet at the bottom of the burner tube. The functioning of the Bunsen burner can be explained by the following principles:

1. Gas flows through the bottom of the burner tube and mixes with air in the air inlet, creating a combustible mixture.
2. The mixture is ignited at the top of the burner tube, creating a blue flame that produces heat and light.
3. The size and intensity of the flame can be adjusted by controlling the amount of gas and air entering the burner.
4. The flame can be adjusted from a cool blue flame to a hot yellow flame, depending on the application.
5. The blue flame is used for sterilization and combustion, while the yellow flame is used for heating and melting.

Now let’s discuss the properties of LPG:

LPG stands for liquefied petroleum gas, which is a flammable hydrocarbon gas that is used as fuel for heating, cooking, and transportation. The properties of LPG include:

1. LPG is a colorless and odorless gas that is compressed into a liquid form for easy storage and transportation.
2. LPG is a high-energy fuel that produces less greenhouse gas emissions compared to other fossil fuels.
3. LPG has a higher calorific value than natural gas, which means it can produce more heat with less fuel.
4. LPG is a versatile fuel that can be used in a variety of applications, including heating, cooking, and transportation.
5. LPG is a safe and reliable fuel that is stored and transported in high-pressure cylinders and tanks, ensuring its purity and quality.

In conclusion, the Bunsen burner is an important tool in laboratories for heating and combustion, and its functioning is based on the principles of gas combustion. LPG is a versatile and efficient fuel that has several desirable properties, making it a popular choice for heating, cooking, and transportation.

OR (a) What is contract? State essential requirements of a contract.

Q.4. List three characteristics of hard water. What are the various ways to remove hardness of water?

Hard water is water that contains a high level of dissolved minerals, such as calcium and magnesium ions. The presence of these minerals can cause several problems, such as scale buildup in pipes, reduced efficiency of appliances, and poor lathering of soap. The characteristics of hard water include:

1. Scale buildup: Hard water can cause scale buildup on plumbing fixtures, appliances, and surfaces, which can reduce their efficiency and lifespan.
2. Reduced lather: Hard water does not lather well with soap, which can make it difficult to clean clothes and dishes.
3. Staining: Hard water can cause staining of surfaces and fabrics due to the high mineral content.

There are several ways to remove the hardness of water, including:

1. Boiling: Boiling water can help to remove temporary hardness by causing the dissolved minerals to precipitate out.
2. Ion Exchange: Ion exchange is a process in which the hard water passes through a resin bed that exchanges the calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions, which do not cause hardness.
3. Reverse Osmosis: Reverse osmosis is a process in which water is passed through a semipermeable membrane that removes dissolved minerals and other impurities.
4. Distillation: Distillation is a process in which water is boiled, and the steam is collected and condensed to produce pure water, leaving behind the dissolved minerals.
5. Chemical Treatment: Chemical treatment involves the use of chemicals such as lime, soda ash, or alum to precipitate out the dissolved minerals and remove hardness.

In conclusion, hard water is characterized by scale buildup, reduced lather, and staining, and can be removed through various methods such as boiling, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, distillation, and chemical treatment. The choice of method depends on the degree of hardness, the quality of water, and the desired outcome.

Q.5. Describe various classes of fires. Explain the methods of extinguishing fire.

Fires can be classified into several categories, based on the type of fuel that is burning. The classes of fires include:

1. Class A: Class A fires involve ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, or cloth. These fires are usually extinguished with water or other suitable extinguishing agents.
2. Class B: Class B fires involve flammable liquids such as gasoline, oil, or grease. These fires are usually extinguished with foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.
3. Class C: Class C fires involve electrical equipment such as appliances, wiring, or circuit breakers. These fires are usually extinguished with dry chemical or carbon dioxide, which do not conduct electricity.
4. Class D: Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, or sodium. These fires require specialized extinguishing agents such as dry powder, sand, or graphite.
5. Class K: Class K fires involve cooking oils and fats, usually found in commercial kitchens. These fires require specialized extinguishing agents such as wet chemical, which can cool and smother the fire.

Now let’s discuss the methods of extinguishing fires:

1. Water: Water is the most common and effective extinguishing agent for Class A fires, as it cools and removes heat from the fire.
2. Foam: Foam is a versatile extinguishing agent that can be used for Class B and Class A fires. It forms a blanket over the fuel, which prevents oxygen from reaching the fire.
3. Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is a clean and effective extinguishing agent for Class B and Class C fires. It displaces oxygen from the fire, suffocating it.
4. Dry chemical: Dry chemical is a versatile and effective extinguishing agent that can be used for Class A, B, and C fires. It forms a chemical reaction with the fuel, which extinguishes the fire.
5. Wet chemical: Wet chemical is a specialized extinguishing agent for Class K fires, as it cools the fuel and creates a barrier between the fuel and oxygen.

In conclusion, understanding the classes of fires and the methods of extinguishing fires is important for preventing and controlling fires. Each type of fire requires a specific extinguishing agent, and the choice of method depends on the type of fuel and the nature of the fire. It is important to have the appropriate extinguishing agents and equipment available and to follow proper safety protocols when dealing with fires.

Q.6. Explain the stages of sewage treatment. What preventive measures can be adopted to control water pollution?

Sewage treatment is a process of removing contaminants and pollutants from wastewater before it is released into the environment. The treatment process involves several stages, which include:

1. Primary Treatment: In this stage, the wastewater is screened and passed through a grit chamber to remove large particles and debris.
2. Secondary Treatment: In this stage, the wastewater is treated with biological processes to remove organic matter and nutrients. This can be done through aerobic or anaerobic treatment, which uses bacteria to break down the organic matter.
3. Tertiary Treatment: In this stage, the wastewater is treated with additional processes to remove any remaining contaminants or pollutants. This can be done through filtration, disinfection, or chemical treatment.
4. Sludge Treatment: In this stage, the solids that are removed from the wastewater are treated and disposed of properly. This can be done through digestion, drying, or incineration.

Preventive measures can be adopted to control water pollution, which include:

1. Source Control: Source control involves reducing or eliminating the release of pollutants into the environment. This can be done through regulations, enforcement, and best practices.
2. Treatment and Disposal: Treatment and disposal of wastewater and solid waste should be done in a responsible and sustainable manner, using the best available technologies and practices.
3. Conservation: Water conservation can help to reduce the demand for water and reduce the amount of wastewater that is produced. This can be done through education, outreach, and best practices.
4. Monitoring: Monitoring the quality of water and identifying sources of pollution can help to prevent water pollution and protect public health and the environment.
5. Education: Education and outreach can help to raise awareness about the importance of water quality and the role that individuals and communities can play in preventing water pollution.

In conclusion, sewage treatment is a critical process for protecting public health and the environment, and involves several stages of treatment. Preventive measures can be adopted to control water pollution, which include source control, treatment and disposal, conservation, monitoring, and education. It is important to implement these measures to protect our water resources and ensure a sustainable future.

OR Explain the factors which influence the replacement of equipment.

The replacement of equipment is an important decision that requires careful consideration of several factors, including:

1. Age: The age of the equipment is an important factor in determining when it needs to be replaced. Older equipment may be less efficient, less reliable, and more prone to breakdowns.
2. Efficiency: The efficiency of the equipment is an important factor in determining whether it should be replaced. Newer equipment may be more energy-efficient and cost-effective than older equipment.
3. Maintenance Costs: The maintenance costs of the equipment are an important factor in determining whether it should be replaced. If the cost of repairs and maintenance is high, it may be more cost-effective to replace the equipment.
4. Operating Costs: The operating costs of the equipment are an important factor in determining whether it should be replaced. Newer equipment may have lower operating costs, such as fuel and maintenance costs, which can result in significant savings over time.
5. Technological Advances: Technological advances can influence the replacement of equipment, as newer equipment may have advanced features and capabilities that are not available in older equipment.
6. Safety and Environmental Concerns: Safety and environmental concerns can influence the replacement of equipment, as newer equipment may be safer and more environmentally friendly than older equipment.
7. Capacity: Capacity is an important factor in determining whether equipment needs to be replaced, as older equipment may not be able to handle the capacity requirements of the operation.

In conclusion, the replacement of equipment is influenced by several factors, including age, efficiency, maintenance costs, operating costs, technological advances, safety and environmental concerns, and capacity. It is important to carefully evaluate these factors when making a decision about equipment replacement, to ensure that the replacement is cost-effective and meets the needs of the operation.

Q.7. What are the important gadgets useful in the process of providing security solutions for hotel industry?

The hotel industry is a high-risk environment for security breaches, as it is a public place with a large number of people coming and going. In order to ensure the safety and security of guests and staff, several gadgets can be useful for providing security solutions in the hotel industry. Some of these gadgets include:

1. Surveillance Cameras: Surveillance cameras can be placed in strategic locations throughout the hotel to monitor activities and detect potential security threats.
2. Access Control Systems: Access control systems can be used to restrict access to certain areas of the hotel, such as guest rooms, staff areas, and restricted areas.
3. Alarms and Sensors: Alarms and sensors can be installed to detect and alert staff of potential security threats, such as unauthorized access or suspicious activity.
4. Metal Detectors: Metal detectors can be used to screen guests and their belongings for weapons or other prohibited items.
5. Panic Buttons: Panic buttons can be installed in guest rooms and other areas of the hotel to allow guests and staff to quickly summon help in case of an emergency.
6. Biometric Systems: Biometric systems can be used to verify the identity of guests and staff, such as fingerprint or facial recognition technology.
7. Fire Suppression Systems: Fire suppression systems can be installed to detect and suppress fires before they cause significant damage or harm to guests and staff.
8. Mobile Devices: Mobile devices can be used by staff to quickly communicate with each other and respond to security threats.

In conclusion, the hotel industry can benefit from several gadgets that can provide security solutions to ensure the safety and security of guests and staff. These gadgets include surveillance cameras, access control systems, alarms and sensors, metal detectors, panic buttons, biometric systems, fire suppression systems, and mobile devices. It is important for hotels to assess their security needs and implement appropriate security measures to prevent security breaches and ensure a safe and secure environment for guests and staff.

OR What steps should be taken by hotel to prevent slip and falls?

Slip and falls are a common cause of accidents in hotels, and can result in serious injuries for guests and staff. In order to prevent slip and falls, hotels can take several steps, including:

1. Regular Cleaning and Maintenance: Hotels should have a regular cleaning and maintenance schedule to ensure that floors, stairs, and other surfaces are free from hazards such as spills, debris, and worn-out carpets.
2. Use of Slip-Resistant Surfaces: Hotels can install slip-resistant flooring surfaces in high-risk areas such as bathrooms, pool areas, and kitchens to reduce the risk of slip and falls.
3. Proper Lighting: Proper lighting is essential to help guests and staff see potential hazards such as wet floors or uneven surfaces. Hotels should ensure that all areas are well-lit, especially in high-risk areas.
4. Signage: Hotels should use signs to warn guests and staff of potential hazards, such as wet floors or uneven surfaces. Signs should be placed in visible locations and should be clear and easy to understand.
5. Footwear: Hotels can encourage guests and staff to wear appropriate footwear, such as shoes with slip-resistant soles, to reduce the risk of slip and falls.
6. Training: Hotel staff should receive regular training on slip and fall prevention, including identifying hazards, proper cleaning techniques, and emergency response procedures.
7. Inspections: Regular inspections of the hotel should be conducted to identify potential slip and fall hazards and address them before they become a problem.
8. Handrails and Grab Bars: Handrails and grab bars can be installed in high-risk areas such as stairs and bathrooms to help guests maintain balance and reduce the risk of slip and falls.

In conclusion, slip and falls can be prevented in hotels through regular cleaning and maintenance, use of slip-resistant surfaces, proper lighting, signage, appropriate footwear, staff training, inspections, and installation of handrails and grab bars. It is important for hotels to implement these measures to ensure the safety and well-being of guests and staff.

Q.8. Write short notes on any two of the following:

(a) Care and maintenance of refrigerators

Refrigerators are an essential appliance in both residential and commercial settings, and require regular care and maintenance to ensure their proper functioning and longevity. Some tips for care and maintenance of refrigerators include:

1. Cleaning: Regular cleaning of the refrigerator, both inside and outside, is essential to prevent the buildup of dirt, dust, and other debris. The door gaskets should also be cleaned regularly to prevent the growth of mold and mildew.
2. Temperature Control: The temperature of the refrigerator should be checked regularly to ensure that it is maintaining the proper temperature. A temperature range of 35-38°F is ideal for most refrigerators.
3. Defrosting: Frost buildup in the freezer can cause the refrigerator to run less efficiently, so it is important to defrost the freezer regularly to prevent frost buildup.
4. Door Seals: The door seals of the refrigerator should be checked regularly to ensure that they are sealing properly. If the seals are damaged or worn, they should be replaced to prevent air leakage and maintain the proper temperature.
5. Condenser Coils: The condenser coils of the refrigerator should be cleaned regularly to prevent the buildup of dust and debris, which can cause the refrigerator to run less efficiently.

(b) Sensors

Sensors are devices that detect and respond to physical or chemical changes in the environment. They are used in various applications, including automotive, medical, industrial, and home automation. Some types of sensors include:

1. Temperature Sensors: Temperature sensors detect changes in temperature and are used in applications such as climate control and food storage.
2. Pressure Sensors: Pressure sensors detect changes in pressure and are used in applications such as automotive engines and medical devices.
3. Motion Sensors: Motion sensors detect movement and are used in applications such as security systems and home automation.
4. Light Sensors: Light sensors detect changes in light and are used in applications such as photography and automatic lighting systems.
5. Chemical Sensors: Chemical sensors detect changes in chemical composition and are used in applications such as air quality monitoring and medical diagnostics.

Sensors play a critical role in modern technology, as they allow for automation, remote monitoring, and real-time feedback. They are essential for many applications, and their use is likely to continue to grow in the future.

(c) Importance of maintenance department

Maintenance department is an essential department in any organization, as it is responsible for ensuring the proper functioning and longevity of equipment and facilities. Some of the importance of maintenance department include:

1. Preventive Maintenance: Maintenance department is responsible for conducting regular preventive maintenance of equipment and facilities, which helps to prevent breakdowns and costly repairs.
2. Cost Savings: Proper maintenance of equipment and facilities can lead to cost savings by reducing the need for repairs and replacements.
3. Safety and Security: Maintenance department is responsible for ensuring that equipment and facilities are safe and secure for use, which helps to prevent accidents and injuries.
4. Efficiency and Productivity: Properly maintained equipment and facilities can lead to increased efficiency and productivity, as they are less likely to break down and cause disruptions to operations.
5. Longevity: Regular maintenance can extend the longevity of equipment and facilities, which can save money on replacements and upgrades.

In conclusion, maintenance department plays a crucial role in ensuring the proper functioning and longevity of equipment and facilities, and can lead to cost savings, safety and security, efficiency and productivity, and longevity. It is important for organizations to invest in their maintenance department and prioritize regular maintenance and upkeep of equipment and facilities.

(d) Audio visual equipment

Audio visual equipment includes a wide range of devices used for creating and presenting visual and audio content. Some types of audio visual equipment include:

1. Projectors: Projectors are used to display images or video onto a large screen or surface.
2. Speakers: Speakers are used to amplify and project audio content, such as music or speech.
3. Microphones: Microphones are used to capture audio content and amplify it for use with speakers or recording devices.
4. Displays: Displays include televisions, computer monitors, and digital signage, and are used to present visual content.
5. Audio Mixers: Audio mixers are used to adjust and control the sound levels of multiple audio sources, such as microphones and music players.
6. Lighting Equipment: Lighting equipment is used to create visual effects and enhance the viewing experience of audio visual content.
7. Recording Equipment: Recording equipment is used to capture and store audio and video content for playback or editing.

Audio visual equipment is used in a variety of applications, including entertainment, education, business presentations, and live events. The quality and functionality of audio visual equipment can greatly impact the effectiveness and impact of the content being presented. Proper care and maintenance of audio visual equipment is important to ensure its proper functioning and longevity, and can include regular cleaning, inspection, and repair.

Q.9. Explain in brief (any ten):

(a) Manifold (b) Illumination (c) Modem (d) Escalator (e) Fire point (f) Refrigerant (g) Ampere (h) Defrosting (i) Ohm’s law (j) Dew point (k) Venturi effect (l) Diffused lighting

(a) Manifold: A manifold is a device with multiple inputs or outputs that are used to distribute or collect fluid or gas. It is commonly used in plumbing, hydraulics, and pneumatic systems.

(b) Illumination: Illumination refers to the level and quality of lighting in a space. It can be achieved through natural or artificial sources and is important for creating a comfortable and safe environment.

(c) Modem: A modem is a device that modulates and demodulates digital signals, allowing computers to communicate with each other over telephone lines or other data transmission lines.

(d) Escalator: An escalator is a moving staircase that is used to transport people between different levels of a building, such as between floors of a shopping mall or airport terminal.

(e) Fire Point: Fire point is the temperature at which a combustible material will continue to burn after it has been ignited. It is higher than the flash point, which is the temperature at which a material will ignite but not continue to burn.

(f) Refrigerant: A refrigerant is a substance used in refrigeration systems to transfer heat from one place to another. Common refrigerants include ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

(g) Ampere: Ampere is the unit of measurement for electric current. It is named after André-Marie Ampère, a French physicist who is known for his work in the field of electromagnetism.

(h) Defrosting: Defrosting is the process of removing ice or frost buildup from a surface, such as the inside of a freezer or refrigerator.

(i) Ohm’s Law: Ohm’s law is a basic principle in electronics that states that the current flowing through a conductor is proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance.

(j) Dew Point: Dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with moisture, causing water vapor to condense into liquid water. It is an important factor in weather forecasting and air conditioning.

(k) Venturi Effect: Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that occurs when a fluid flows through a constricted section of a pipe. It is named after Giovanni Battista Venturi, an Italian physicist who discovered the effect.

(l) Diffused Lighting: Diffused lighting refers to a lighting technique in which light is evenly distributed across a space to reduce harsh shadows and create a more comfortable and natural lighting environment. It is commonly used in interior design and photography.

Q.10. A Write the full form of the following:

(i) DVR (ii) HSD (iii) VIR (iv) ETP (v) CFC

(i) DVR stands for Digital Video Recorder.

(ii) HSD stands for High Speed Diesel.

(iii) VIR stands for Vapour Injection Refrigeration.

(iv) ETP stands for Effluent Treatment Plant.

(v) CFC stands for Chlorofluorocarbon.

B Fill in the blanks:

(i) Temporary hardness of water is caused by __________ of calcium and magnesium.
(ii) An ideal fuel has __________ignition point.
(iii) Light is measured in terms of __________.
(iv) LPG is a mixture of methane and __________.
(v) Anthracite is an example of __________ fuel.

(i) Temporary hardness of water is caused by bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium.
(ii) An ideal fuel has low ignition point.
(iii) Light is measured in terms of lumens.
(iv) LPG is a mixture of methane and butane.
(v) Anthracite is an example of hard fuel.