Table of Contents
Q.1. (a) Draw an organizational chart of a maintenance department of a large hotel.
The maintenance department of a large hotel typically has a hierarchical structure with several levels of management and staff. At the top of the chart is the Director of Maintenance, who is responsible for overseeing the entire department and ensuring that it is operating efficiently and effectively. Reporting to the Director of Maintenance are several managers, including the Engineering Manager, Housekeeping Manager, and Grounds Manager.
The Engineering Manager oversees the mechanical and electrical systems in the hotel, including HVAC, plumbing, and electrical systems. The Housekeeping Manager is responsible for maintaining the cleanliness and functionality of the guest rooms and common areas of the hotel, including carpet cleaning, furniture repairs, and painting. The Grounds Manager is responsible for the exterior of the hotel, including landscaping, parking lots, and building exteriors.
Reporting to these managers are the maintenance staff, including electricians, plumbers, HVAC technicians, carpenters, painters, and groundskeepers. These staff members are responsible for carrying out the day-to-day maintenance and repairs necessary to keep the hotel running smoothly.
Overall, the organizational chart of a maintenance department of a large hotel is designed to ensure that all aspects of the hotel’s physical infrastructure are maintained and repaired in a timely and effective manner.
(b) Mention five activities undertaken for preventive maintenance.
Preventive maintenance is a type of maintenance that is carried out on a regular basis to prevent equipment failure and minimize downtime. Some activities that are commonly undertaken for preventive maintenance include:
- Regular inspections: Regular inspections of equipment are carried out to identify any signs of wear and tear or potential issues before they become major problems.
- Lubrication: Lubrication of moving parts is important to prevent friction and wear, which can lead to equipment failure.
- Cleaning: Cleaning of equipment is important to prevent the buildup of dirt and debris, which can cause equipment to malfunction or break down.
- Calibration: Calibration of equipment is important to ensure that it is operating within the correct parameters and to prevent inaccuracies in measurement.
- Replacement of parts: Replacement of parts that are nearing the end of their lifespan is important to prevent equipment failure and minimize downtime.
Overall, preventive maintenance is an important aspect of equipment management, and can help to extend the lifespan of equipment, reduce downtime, and improve productivity.
OR Name fuels used in hotel industry. What are the advantages and disadvantages of solid, liquid and gaseous fuel?
Fuels used in the hotel industry include:
- Solid fuels: Solid fuels such as wood, coal, and charcoal are used in some hotels for cooking and heating.
- Liquid fuels: Liquid fuels such as diesel, kerosene, and oil are used in some hotels for heating and power generation.
- Gaseous fuels: Gaseous fuels such as natural gas and propane (LPG) are commonly used in hotels for cooking and heating.
Advantages and disadvantages of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels are as follows:
Solid fuels
Advantages
- Relatively cheap and widely available.
- Can provide high levels of heat for extended periods of time.
- Easy to store and transport.
Disadvantages
- Produces a lot of smoke, soot, and ash, which can be a health hazard and cause air pollution.
- Requires regular cleaning and maintenance of equipment.
- Can be difficult to control the temperature and maintain consistent heat.
Liquid fuels
Advantages
- Provides a high level of heat output.
- Can be stored easily in tanks or containers.
- Can be transported easily to the hotel.
Disadvantages
- Can be expensive and subject to price fluctuations.
- Produces exhaust gases that can be harmful to the environment and human health.
- Requires regular maintenance of equipment.
Gaseous fuels
Advantages
- Produces a clean burn with very little soot or ash.
- Easy to control temperature and heat output.
- Safer to store and transport than liquid fuels.
Disadvantages
- Can be expensive and subject to price fluctuations.
- Requires careful handling and storage to prevent leaks and explosions.
- May require special equipment for storage and use.
Overall, the choice of fuel for a hotel will depend on a number of factors, including availability, cost, environmental impact, and safety considerations.
Q.2. Draw a labeled diagrams of gas burner and describe L.P.G.
A gas burner is a device used for heating or cooking that burns natural gas, propane, or other gases. It typically consists of a burner head, which contains the flame and is connected to a gas source, and a control valve, which regulates the flow of gas to the burner head.
The burner head of a gas burner typically consists of a metal ring with small holes or slots that allow the gas to escape and mix with air before being ignited. The size and shape of the burner head can vary depending on the application and the type of gas being used.
[Diagram to be added]
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is a flammable hydrocarbon gas that is commonly used as a fuel for heating and cooking. It is a mixture of propane and butane, which are gases that are naturally occurring in petroleum and natural gas deposits.
LPG is stored under pressure in containers and is transported in bulk by tanker trucks or railcars. It is a convenient fuel source for hotels and other buildings, as it can be easily piped or distributed to individual units.
One of the advantages of LPG is that it burns cleanly, producing less pollution than other fossil fuels such as coal or oil. It is also a reliable and versatile fuel source, and can be used for a variety of applications, including heating, cooking, and powering generators. However, LPG is a flammable gas and must be handled and stored with care to prevent leaks or explosions.
OR Write a detailed note about different types of lights.
Lighting is an important aspect of interior design and can have a significant impact on the ambiance and functionality of a space. There are many different types of lights available, each with its own unique characteristics and uses. Some of the most common types of lights include:
- Incandescent lights: Incandescent lights are the most traditional type of light and are still commonly used in homes and businesses. They produce a warm, yellow light and are relatively inexpensive, but are not very energy-efficient.
- Halogen lights: Halogen lights are a type of incandescent light that produce a brighter, whiter light than traditional incandescent bulbs. They are more energy-efficient than incandescent bulbs, but can get very hot and must be handled with care.
- Compact fluorescent lights (CFLs): CFLs are a type of fluorescent light that are designed to be more energy-efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs. They produce a bright, white light and can last up to 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs.
- LED lights: LED lights are the most energy-efficient type of light available and can last up to 25 times longer than incandescent bulbs. They produce a bright, white light and are available in a variety of colors and designs.
- Neon lights: Neon lights are a type of gas-discharge lamp that produce a bright, colorful light. They are commonly used for advertising and signage.
- Fiber optic lights: Fiber optic lights use thin fibers to transmit light from a remote source to a point of use. They are commonly used for decorative lighting and special effects.
- Induction lights: Induction lights use electromagnetic fields to produce light and are known for their long lifespan and energy efficiency. They are commonly used in streetlights and outdoor lighting applications.
Q.3. Write about sources and types of water. How would you convert temporary and permanent hard water to soft water?
Water is a critical resource that is essential for life and for many industrial processes. There are several sources of water, including surface water, groundwater, and rainwater. Surface water includes rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, while groundwater is found beneath the earth’s surface in aquifers. Rainwater is another source of water that can be collected and used for various purposes.
Water can be classified into two types based on its hardness: soft water and hard water. Soft water is water that has a low concentration of dissolved minerals, while hard water contains high levels of dissolved minerals, typically calcium and magnesium. Hard water can be further classified into two types: temporary hardness and permanent hardness.
Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium, which can be removed by boiling the water. When temporary hard water is boiled, the bicarbonates are converted to insoluble carbonates, which can be removed by filtration.
Permanent hardness is caused by the presence of sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates of calcium and magnesium, which cannot be removed by boiling. To convert permanent hard water to soft water, various methods can be used, including ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and lime-soda process.
Ion exchange involves passing the hard water through a resin bed that contains sodium ions. The sodium ions replace the calcium and magnesium ions, resulting in soft water.
Reverse osmosis is a process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to remove dissolved solids from the water, including calcium and magnesium ions.
The lime-soda process involves adding lime (calcium hydroxide) and soda (sodium carbonate) to the water. The calcium and magnesium ions react with the lime to form insoluble calcium and magnesium hydroxides, which can be removed by filtration. The remaining sodium ions react with the soda to form soluble sodium carbonate, which does not cause hardness.
The choice of method for converting hard water to soft water will depend on various factors, including the hardness level of the water, the available resources, and the desired outcome.
OR Enlist five types of refrigerants used. Explain the functioning of window type air conditioner.
Five types of refrigerants used are:
- R-22: Also known as Freon, R-22 is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerant that was commonly used in older air conditioning systems. However, due to its negative impact on the environment, it has been phased out and is being replaced by newer, more environmentally-friendly refrigerants.
- R-410A: R-410A is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant that is commonly used in modern air conditioning systems. It is more energy-efficient and has a lower impact on the environment than older refrigerants like R-22.
- R-134A: R-134A is a HFC refrigerant that is commonly used in automotive air conditioning systems.
- Ammonia: Ammonia is a natural refrigerant that is non-toxic and has a very low impact on the environment. It is commonly used in industrial refrigeration systems.
- Propane (R-290): Propane is a hydrocarbon refrigerant that is environmentally-friendly and energy-efficient. It is commonly used in small refrigeration units and air conditioning systems.
Functioning of window type air conditioner:
A window type air conditioner is a self-contained unit that is designed to be mounted in a window or through a wall. It consists of two main parts: the evaporator unit, which is located inside the room, and the condenser unit, which is located outside the room.
The window type air conditioner works by circulating refrigerant between the evaporator and condenser units. The refrigerant absorbs heat from the air inside the room, which causes it to evaporate and become a gas. The gas is then compressed by the compressor unit and sent to the condenser, where it is cooled and condensed back into a liquid. The heat is released into the outside air, and the liquid refrigerant is sent back to the evaporator to start the process again.
The window type air conditioner is controlled by a thermostat, which regulates the temperature by turning the compressor on and off as needed. It also has a fan that circulates the air inside the room and blows it over the evaporator unit to cool it.
Overall, the window type air conditioner is a popular and effective way to cool a single room or small space. However, it can be less efficient and more expensive to operate than central air conditioning systems, especially in larger spaces.
Q.4. Write short notes on any two:
(a) Cold water cistern swimming pool.
A cold water cistern swimming pool is a type of swimming pool that uses a cold water supply instead of a heated one. The pool is typically filled with water from a cistern or reservoir, which is then circulated through the pool using a pump and filtration system. Cold water cistern swimming pools are less common than heated pools and are often found in outdoor or natural settings.
(b) Central air-conditioning.
Central air-conditioning is a type of air conditioning system that is designed to cool an entire building or house, rather than just a single room or space. It typically consists of a central unit that is connected to ductwork, which distributes cool air throughout the building. Central air-conditioning systems can be more expensive to install and operate than individual air conditioning units, but they are often more efficient and effective at maintaining a consistent temperature throughout the building.
(c) Fire extinguisher
A fire extinguisher is a portable device that is used to extinguish small fires or control them until the fire department arrives. Fire extinguishers typically contain chemicals or gases that can smother the fire, cool it down, or disrupt the chemical reaction that is causing it. There are several types of fire extinguishers available, each designed to extinguish fires caused by different types of fuels, such as wood, paper, or electrical equipment.
(d) Sewage treatment
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, such as human waste, industrial effluent, and other pollutants. The process typically involves several stages, including primary treatment, which involves screening and sedimentation to remove large solids, and secondary treatment, which uses biological processes to break down organic matter and remove dissolved pollutants. The treated wastewater can then be safely discharged into the environment or reused for other purposes. Sewage treatment is essential for protecting public health and the environment, as untreated wastewater can contain harmful pathogens and pollutants.
Q.5. Explain in brief (any ten):
(a) Air pollution (b) Sullage (c) Ignition temperature (d) Class ‘C’ fire (e) Humidification (f) R-717 (g) Coupling / Union (h) V.I.R. (i) M.C.B. (j) H.R.C. (k) Closed circuit (l) B.T.U.
(a) Air pollution: Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air, such as gases, particulate matter, and biological molecules. Air pollution can have a negative impact on human health and the environment, and is caused by a variety of factors, including industrial emissions, transportation, and burning of fossil fuels.
(b) Sullage: Sullage refers to wastewater from sinks, showers, and washing machines. It is typically less contaminated than sewage and can be treated differently, but it still requires proper disposal to avoid environmental contamination.
(c) Ignition temperature: Ignition temperature is the minimum temperature at which a substance will ignite and begin to burn. Different substances have different ignition temperatures, and understanding these temperatures is important for fire safety.
(d) Class ‘C’ fire: Class ‘C’ fires are fires that involve electrical equipment, such as computers, motors, and transformers. These fires require special extinguishing agents, such as carbon dioxide or dry chemical, that will not conduct electricity.
(e) Humidification: Humidification is the process of adding moisture to the air to increase humidity levels. This is important for maintaining a comfortable and healthy indoor environment, especially in dry climates.
(f) R-717: R-717 is the chemical name for ammonia, a common refrigerant that is used in industrial refrigeration systems. It is known for its high efficiency and low environmental impact.
(g) Coupling / Union: A coupling or union is a type of fitting that is used to join two pipes together. They can be used to connect pipes of the same or different sizes, and can be threaded or welded.
(h) V.I.R.: V.I.R. stands for vulcanized Indian rubber, a type of insulation material that was commonly used in electrical wiring and equipment in the past.
(i) M.C.B.: M.C.B. stands for miniature circuit breaker, a type of electrical switch that is designed to protect electrical circuits from overloads and short circuits.
(j) H.R.C.: H.R.C. stands for high rupturing capacity, a term used to describe electrical fuses that are designed to handle high currents without breaking or exploding.
(k) Closed circuit: A closed circuit is an electrical circuit in which the current flows continuously from a power source through various components and back to the power source, without any breaks or interruptions.
(l) B.T.U.: B.T.U. stands for British Thermal Unit, a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It is commonly used to measure the heating or cooling capacity of air conditioning and heating systems.
Q.6. Calculate the electricity bill for the month of September 2019 having the following electric loads:
100 W bulbs 10 Nos. 6 Hrs. / Day
60 W fans 10 Nos. 5 Hrs. / Day
3 KW heater 05 Nos. 5 Hrs. / Day
6 KW / boiler 02 Nos. 5 Hrs. / Day
Cost of electricity energy is Rs.4/- per unit.
To calculate the electricity bill for the month of September 2019, we need to calculate the total energy consumed by each appliance and then multiply it by the cost of electricity energy.
First, let’s calculate the energy consumption of each appliance per day:
- 100 W bulb x 10 Nos. x 6 Hrs./day = 6 kWh/day
- 60 W fan x 10 Nos. x 5 Hrs./day = 3 kWh/day
- 3 KW heater x 5 Nos. x 5 Hrs./day = 75 kWh/day
- 6 KW boiler x 2 Nos. x 5 Hrs./day = 60 kWh/day
Next, let’s calculate the total energy consumption per day:
- Total energy consumption per day = 6 kWh/day + 3 kWh/day + 75 kWh/day + 60 kWh/day = 144 kWh/day
To calculate the total energy consumption for the month, we need to multiply the daily energy consumption by the number of days in the month:
- Total energy consumption for the month = 144 kWh/day x 30 days = 4320 kWh
Finally, to calculate the electricity bill, we need to multiply the total energy consumption by the cost of electricity energy:
- Electricity bill for the month = 4320 kWh x Rs.4/kWh = Rs. 17,280
Therefore, the electricity bill for the month of September 2019 is Rs. 17,280.
Q.7. List and explain various audio visual equipment used in hotels.
Hotels often use various types of audio-visual equipment to enhance the guest experience and facilitate meetings, conferences, and other events. Some common types of audio-visual equipment used in hotels include:
- Projectors: Projectors are devices used to display images or video on a screen or wall. They can be connected to a computer, DVD player, or other source to display content for presentations or entertainment.
- Screens: Screens are used to display projected images or video. They come in various sizes and types, such as retractable screens or fixed screens.
- Sound systems: Sound systems are used to amplify and enhance audio, such as speeches or music. They can include speakers, amplifiers, mixers, and microphones.
- Lighting systems: Lighting systems are used to create a desired atmosphere or to highlight specific areas or objects. They can include spotlights, uplights, or ambient lighting.
- Video conferencing equipment: Video conferencing equipment is used to connect participants in different locations through live video and audio feeds. It can include cameras, microphones, and displays.
- Televisions: Televisions are commonly found in hotel rooms for guest entertainment. They can also be used in meeting rooms for presentations or to display video content.
- DVD/Blu-ray players: DVD or Blu-ray players are used to play video content, such as movies or presentations.
- Whiteboards/Flipcharts: Whiteboards or flipcharts are used for visual aids in meetings or presentations. They can be used to write or draw on, and then easily erased or flipped to the next page.
Overall, the use of audio-visual equipment in hotels can enhance guest experiences and provide valuable resources for meetings and events.
Q.8. A Match the following:
(a) Solid fuel (i) Incandescent lamp
(b) Tungsten (ii) Zero potential
(c) Earthing (iii) Helium
(d) Yellow colour (iv) Air conditioner
(e) Compressor (v) Coal
| Column A | Column B |
|---|---|
| Solid fuel | Coal |
| Tungsten | Incandescent lamp |
| Earthing | Zero potential |
| Yellow colour | Helium |
| Compressor | Air conditioner |
B State True or False:
(a) ‘EXIT’ sign indicates entry door.
(b) U.P.S. stands for un-interrupted power source.
(c) The flow of electron is called current.
(d) The intensity of heat energy is denoted by temperature.
(e) Class ‘D’ fire is due to gases.
Answers
(a) ‘EXIT’ sign indicates entry door. (False)
(b) U.P.S. stands for un-interrupted power source. (False)
(c) The flow of electron is called current. (True)
(d) The intensity of heat energy is denoted by temperature. (True)
(e) Class ‘D’ fire is due to gases. (False)
Q.9. Define pollution. Explain different types of pollution.
Pollution is the presence or introduction into the environment of harmful substances or products that cause adverse effects on natural resources and living organisms, including humans. Pollution can result from natural causes or human activities, and can impact air, water, soil, and other components of the environment. It is a major global problem that can lead to a range of health and environmental issues, including respiratory problems, contaminated water sources, and disrupted ecosystems. It is important to take steps to reduce pollution through sustainable practices and environmentally-friendly behaviors.
There are several types of pollution, including:
- Air pollution: Air pollution occurs when harmful substances such as gases, dust, and smoke are released into the atmosphere. It can have serious health effects and contribute to global climate change.
- Water pollution: Water pollution occurs when harmful substances such as chemicals, sewage, and waste are released into bodies of water. It can harm aquatic life and make water sources unsafe for human use.
- Soil pollution: Soil pollution occurs when chemicals, waste, or other harmful substances are introduced into the soil, either through natural processes or human activity. It can affect the quality of crops and lead to health problems.
- Noise pollution: Noise pollution occurs when sound levels are excessive and can cause discomfort or damage to hearing. It can result from transportation, industrial processes, or loud music.
- Light pollution: Light pollution occurs when artificial light sources interfere with natural darkness, which can have negative effects on wildlife and human health.
- Thermal pollution: Thermal pollution occurs when water or air temperatures are altered by human activity, such as industrial processes or power generation. It can harm aquatic life and disrupt ecosystems.
- Radioactive pollution: Radioactive pollution occurs when harmful radioactive substances are released into the environment, which can have long-lasting effects on human health and the environment.
Overall, pollution is a serious problem that affects both the natural world and human health. It is important to take steps to reduce pollution through sustainable practices and environmentally-friendly behaviors.
OR What is contract maintenance? What are the advantages and dis-advantages? What are the various types of contracts used?
Contract maintenance refers to an agreement between two parties where one party provides maintenance services to the other in exchange for payment. The maintenance services can include regular upkeep, repair, and replacement of equipment or facilities. This type of maintenance is often used by hotels, hospitals, and other facilities to ensure that their equipment and facilities are kept in good condition and functioning properly.
Advantages of contract maintenance include:
- Cost savings: Contract maintenance can be more cost-effective than hiring and training in-house maintenance staff.
- Expertise: Contract maintenance companies often have specialized knowledge and expertise in maintaining specific types of equipment, which can lead to better maintenance outcomes.
- Consistency: Contract maintenance services can provide regular, scheduled maintenance, which can help prevent equipment failures and minimize downtime.
Disadvantages of contract maintenance include:
- Lack of control: Contract maintenance companies may not always perform maintenance tasks to the satisfaction of the client, which can lead to quality issues.
- Dependence: Clients become dependent on the contractor for maintenance, which can result in a lack of flexibility and control over maintenance operations.
- Cost overruns: The cost of contract maintenance can exceed budgeted amounts, especially if additional repairs or services are required.
There are various types of contracts used in contract maintenance, including:
- Fixed-price contracts: These contracts set a fixed price for maintenance services, regardless of the amount of work required.
- Cost-plus contracts: These contracts include a fixed fee plus additional costs incurred during maintenance operations.
- Time and materials contracts: These contracts are based on the time and materials required to complete maintenance tasks.
Overall, contract maintenance can be a useful way to ensure that equipment and facilities are properly maintained. However, it is important to carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of this approach and select the appropriate type of contract for a given situation.
Q.10. Fill in the blanks:
(a) __________ is better than cure.
(b) __________ is a substance that produces useful heat or power when burnt.
(c) L.P.G. is a mixture of __________ and __________.
(d) Measurement of light is given in __________.
(e) __________ is an effect of fuel, heat and oxygen.
(f) An agreement between two party enforceable by law is __________.
(g) O.H.P. stands for __________. (h) Closed circuit television is a form of __________ equipment.
(i) The hotel is concerned with the __________ of the guest.
(j) An equipment replaced due to incapable of meeting the increasing demand is a replacement because of __________.
(a) Prevention is better than cure.
(b) Fuel is a substance that produces useful heat or power when burnt.
(c) L.P.G. is a mixture of methane and propane.
(d) Measurement of light is given in lux.
(e) Combustion is an effect of fuel, heat, and oxygen.
(f) An agreement between two parties enforceable by law is a contract.
(g) O.H.P. stands for overhead projector.
(h) Closed circuit television is a form of audiovisual equipment.
(i) The hotel is concerned with the comfort of the guest.
(j) An equipment replaced due to incapable of meeting the increasing demand is a replacement because of obsolescence.