6th Sem | Accommodation Management | Solved Papers| 2014-15

Q1. Discuss the 3E’s of workplace safety? Identify some of the common hazards in housekeeping operations.

Three “E” Of Safety:

1. Safety Education:

Employees should be encouraged to come up with ideas for inculcating safety into hotel methods because safety programs and policies are only effective when they are practiced accordingly. Proper training should be provided for each staff.

Teaching safe methods, with emphasis on areas of potential danger and how they can be guarded.

Demonstration of the use of safety equipment

Ability to recognize the sign of hazard around them.

Teaching legal implication of non-adherence to safety procedures.

2.Safety Engineering:

It is done in the designing phase of the establishment. Generally, equipment, furniture, and fittings are allocated the space in accordance with the safety measures.

3.Safety Rules Enforcement:

Rules are not meant only to be made. Proper implementation and following of the rules become quite necessary. Motivation and enforcement are to be ensured.

Some of the common hazards in housekeeping operations:

1. Bomb threat
2. Explosion
3. Fire
4. Death
5. Earthquake

OR
Discuss measures that can be taken to avoid a fire in hotels. What procedures are to be followed in the event of a fire?

Fires may be prevented if fire hazards are identified & eliminated. Some unsafe practices that may lead to fires are as follows:

• Guests smoking in bed.
• The hotel not providing sand urns or sufficient & appropriate ashtrays in rooms as well as public areas.
• Using high-wattage light bulbs in lamps.
• Leaving linen chute doors open.
• Storing rags & cloths with residues of cleaning polish still on them.
• Not unplugging electrical appliances when not in use.
• Using faulty electrical equipment or sockets.
• Leaving magnifying glasses where the sun can catch them.
• Using furnishing materials that are easily combustible.

Each establishment must conduct fire drills on a periodic basis & ensure that all staff attends these drills so that they know what is to be done during a fire emergency.

In case a fire breaks out, follow the guidelines given below:

• Immediately switch on the nearest fire alarm.
• If possible, attack the fire with suitable equipment, remembering to direct the extinguishers at the base of the flames.
• Do not attempt to fight a fire if there is any danger of personal risk.
• Close windows & switch off all electrical appliances, including fans & lights.
• Close the door to that affected area & report to your immediate supervisor for instructions.
• Carry out instructions
• Remain at the assembly point until instructed to do otherwise.
• Do not use the lifts.

Q2. Discuss the elements and principles of design.

The elements are components or parts which can be isolated and defined in any visual design or work of art. They are the structure of the work and can carry a wide variety of messages.

Elements of design:

1. Line
2. Form
3. Color
4. Texture

Line

A line is a mark made by a moving point and having psychological impact according to its direction, weight, and the variations in its direction and weight. It is an enormously useful and versatile graphic device that is made to function in both visual and verbal ways. It can act as as a symbolic language, or it can communicate emotion through its character and direction Line is not necessarily an artificial creation of the artist or designer; it exists in nature as a structural feature such as branches, or as surface design, such as striping on a tiger or a seashell. This can be seen in drawings such as the Saul Steinberg illustration shown here, or in Alexander Calder’s minimal wire sculptures, which convey a great deal of information about the figure with the most limited line.

Form

Form and shape are areas or masses which define objects in space. Form and shape imply space; indeed they cannot exist without space.

There are various ways to categorize form and shape. Form and shape can be thought of as either two dimensional or three dimensional. The two-dimensional form has width and height. It can also create the illusion of three-dimension objects. The three-dimensional shape has depth as well as width and height.

Color

Color is described with the words hue, value, and intensity. Hue refers to the name of the color—red or blue, for example. Value tells the lightness or darkness of a hue. Intensity refers to the brightness or dullness of a hue. You can use a color wheel and learn how colors work together in the publication.

Texture

The texture is the surface quality of an item. It’s how something feels when touched, or looks like it would feel if touched. The sandpaper is rough. Velvet is smooth. A drawing of a tree stump could show rough outer bark and a smooth inner surface. Search for ways to add texture to your projects. Texture adds variety and interest.

Space

Space refers to the area that shape or form occupies. It also refers to the background against which we see the shape or form. Space can be defined as positive and negative. The positive space of a design is the filled space in the design— often it is the shapes that make up the design. Negative space is the background. The negative space in design is as important as the positive area.

Following are the Principles Of Design:

1. Rhythm
2. Proportion
3. Emphasis
4. Balance
5. Unity

Rhythm

Rhythm is also a part of the things you see. It allows the eye to move from one part of a design to another part.

Rhythm can be created by:

• Repeating a color, shape, texture, line, or space when designing.
• Varying the size of objects, shapes, or lines in sequence (small to large).
• Using a progression of colors from tints to shades (light blue to dark blue).
• Shifting from one hue to a neighboring hue (yellow to yellow-orange to orange to red-orange to red.

Proportion

Proportion refers to the relationship between one part of a design and another part or to the whole design. It is a comparison of sizes, shapes, and quantities. For example, the relationship between the vertical and horizontal measurements of a wall hanging may be pleasing because the unequal lengths produce an interesting contrast.

Emphasis

Emphasis is the quality that draws your attention to a certain part of a design first. There are several ways to create emphasis:

• Use a contrasting color.
• Use a different or unusual line.
• Make a shape very large or very small.

Balance

Balance gives a feeling of stability. There are three types of balance.

1. Symmetrical
2. Radial
3. Asymmetrical

Unity

When things look right together, you have created unity or harmony. Lines and shapes that repeat each other show unity (curved lines with curved shapes). Colors that have a common hue are harmonious. Textures that have a similar feel add to unity.

OR
Describe the classification of colors.

Color Classification

Primary colors

the root of all colors.

• yellow
• Blue
• Red

Secondary colors

Produced by the mixture of any two primary colors.

• green (yellow and blue)
• orange (yellow and red)
• violet (red and blue)

Intermediate colors

Produced by the mixture of a neighboring secondary color in the color chart.

• yellow-green
• yellow-orange
• red-orange
• Red-violet
• Blue-violet
• Blue-green

Tertiary colors

• Produced by the mixture of two secondary colors.
• Russet or Reddish-brown (violet and green)
• Olive or brownish-yellow (orange and green)
• Slate or bluish-gray (violet and orange)

Quaternary colors

• Produced by the mixture of two tertiary colors.
• Buff (russet and olive)
• Sage (olive and slate)
• Plum (slate and russet)

Q3. Explain the classical color schemes.

Color Harmony & Schemes

Color harmony means a pleasing, effective, congruent and balanced combination of two or more colors or shades. It does not imply a random mixing of colors but a purposeful selection of a number of colors to get the desired effect. It is usually achieved by combining related or contrasting colors.

Related Color Harmony

1. Monochromatic harmony:
   Monochromatic harmony is otherwise referred to as one-mode or one hue harmony. It combines different intensities or values – lightness and darkness or brightness and dullness – of one color only. Examples are blue, light blue, dark blue.
2. Analogous harmony:
   Analogous harmony means a combination of two or more neighboring colors in the color chart. An example is a yellow dress, with a yellow-green collar, and ruffles with green buttons and laces.

Contrasting Color Harmony

1. Complementary harmony:
   Complementary harmony is achieved by a combination of any opposite colors in the color wheel. Blue and violet, for instance, are complementary colors.
2. Double complementary harmony:
   Double complementary harmony is the combination of two directly adjacent colors and their complements in the color chart. For example, yellow and yellow-orange when combined with violet and blue-violet may achieve harmony.
3. Split complementary harmony:
   Split complementary harmony is made by combining a primary or an intermediate color in the chart with colors on each side of its complement. This is a scheme of colors placed in the chart as to describe the letter Y.
4. Triad harmony:
   In this combination, the three colors are placed in the chart as to mark out the three points of an equilateral triangle.
5. Tetrad color scheme:
   The rectangle or tetrad color scheme uses four colors arranged into two complementary pairs. This rich color scheme offers plenty of possibilities for variation. The tetrad color scheme works best if you let one color be dominant.

OR
Classify and explain lighting in hotels.

Methods Of Lighting

1. Day Light
2. Architectural Lighting
3. Non-Architectural Lighting

1. DayLight:

Only about 10% of normal daylight enters a room, inspire of this it is brighter than artificial light. Colors look different in daylight. It varies in intensity and color throughout the day. Another aspect is that it gives a colder and less variable light and is better for areas where color matching is important. Most large buildings require artificial lighting even during the day.

2. Architectural Lighting:

Includes portable lamps, ceiling, and wall fixtures. Lamps provide a certain amount of flexibility in that they can be moved from one place to another. There are no rules about where to use lamps and mounted fixtures. The ultimate goals are to provide the type of light needed and to choose designs that are in keeping with the decorative schemes. In choosing lamps the following points must be considered:

• A sturdy and heavy base prevents limping.
• A lamp that has a diffused bowl will give a less glare.
• A harp makes it possible to adjust the height of the shade or to tilt the shade if necessary.
• A table lamp intended for reading should have the lower edge of the shade about 40-42 inches from the floor. The lower edge of the shade of a floor lamp should be around 49 inches from the floor.
• The lampshade should be used according to the color or texture of the food.

3. Non-Architectural Lighting:

• Glamorous Effects:
  For general lighting. May be achieved by the mounting of simple fixtures in valances, cornices, coves, etc. One may light a window area wall, ceiling, floor or any special area for emphasis. Fluorescent tubes are useful for such lighting because they provide an even line of light.
• Valance Lighting:
  The light source is mounted so that some of the light is directed towards the ceiling and come down over the draperies. Fluorescent tubes are installed behind the valance frames which are painted white to reflect the light. At least the 10 inches space between the top of the valance and ceiling is necessary. The frame will conceal both the fixtures at the top of the draperies.
• Cornice Lighting:
  It can be used to give general illumination. In these fluorescent tubes are placed behind the cornice which is at least 6 inches in depth. It is built at the junction between the ceiling and the wall. It is good for low ceiling room because it gives the impression of the greater ceiling height.
• Cove Lighting:
  It implies a rough light arrangement. Usually near the ceiling with the light directed upwards. Cove lighting creates an effect of openness and the quality of the light is soft.
• Brackets:
  Brackets are located at a lower height than valances and are not necessarily related to window treatments.
• Soffit Lighting:
  Soffit Lighting is the underside of any architectural member. Often space provides housing for a light source and is mostly used in bathrooms, kitchens, bookshelves, and mirrors.
• Recessed Lighting:
  This includes built-in panel fixtures that provide concentrated light. The fixtures can be round, square or rectangular metal boxes set in a ceiling or wall.

Q4. Explain the types of floorings and floor finishes.

Types Of Floorings:

Stone:

This is a good choice of flooring for a natural appearance and an almost indefinite life. All types of stone are very heavy and must be laid on a solid concrete subfloor. Stone floors are resistant to wear, water, indentation, and to most cleaning chemicals.

Concrete:

This material is good for areas that take hard wear, as it is highly resistant to chipping and cracking, scratching, indentation, heat. Most types of concrete are used for exteriors such as patios, but concrete tiles and terrazzo are suitable for indoor use. Concrete floors are found in heavy traffic areas like equipment areas. Properties often have concrete floors in parking areas, garages and exhibition areas. Concrete is a mixture of cement and various fillers such as sand, gravel, crushed stones and seashells. The elements are mixed in dry form and then combined with water, reacting chemically to form the hard, stone-like material.

Vitreous/Ceramic Floorings:

This refers to flooring material that has been made of some clay product and fired in a kiln to produce a hard, stone-like quality. Ceramic flooring is the most common name for this type of material. Vitreous materials are mostly composed of silicon materials that flow together and bond during the firing process to form a glass-like ceramic. A combination of clay, marble, slate, glass, and flint is used to make ceramic tiles. Ceramics are resistant to chipping, scratching, and indentation but offer a long-lasting, hard-wearing floor that is easy to clean. It can be classified into glazed and unglazed ceramic ex, quarry tiles, bricks, glazed tiles, paver stones.

Magnesite/Oxychloride:

A flooring material composed of magnesium chloride, using magnesium oxide as a binder, sawdust, ground silica, and finely powdered wood waste; used as a finishing surface on concrete floor slabs This finish is extremely porous and washing should be avoided as much as possible. It may be sealed and /or polished to prevent the penetration of water and dirt, but then it becomes very slippery. These floors are used in areas where no water is used like linen rooms.

Resin Floorings:

These are composed of synthetic resins usually an epoxy, polyester, polyurethane with different hardeners. Vinyl or marble chips may be included to give a more decorative flooring resembling terrazzo. They are non-skid and suitable for use in kitchens, canteens, bathrooms, corridors, and laundries. They provide excellent wear.

Types Of Floor Finishes:

1. Hard Non-Resilient (does not get bend or dented) eg. (Marble, granite, terrazzo, concrete) Resilient.
   (Wood, Asphalt, Bitumastic)
2. Semi-Hard (cork, rubber, linoleum)
3. Soft (Carpets, rugs, etc.)

OR
Explain the composites of the floor.

The floor structure is a multi-layer construction where the layers may be combined, left out or may satisfy multiple requirements.

The typical layers of the floor structure are:

• upper walkable (useful) or finish layer,
• the base of the finish layer.

 

                          a schematic floor layer structure

Additional layers are placed on the basis of construction, location, requirements, etc.:

• load-bearing structure
• mortar or glue,
• leveling layer
• surface priming layer
• inclination layer
• heat or sound insulation layer
• waterproofing layer
• vapor insulation layer etc.

Subfloors

We call “subfloor” the foundation of the surface finish of the floor constructions.

The requirements on the base of the floors are:

• an adequately rigid and thick layer, i.e. a layer that will not experience lasting deformation when exposed to the useful loads of the floor;
• cracks are not allowed
• must resist wearing,
• must resist impacts,
• must be able to carry the intended loads,
• should not absorb more moisture than intended,
• must not deform when exposed to humidity,
• must be adequately level, or in the intended incline

Floor base types are:

• the load-bearing structure (e.g. general level slab)
• floor slab (e.g. basement slab)
• concrete subfloor
• floor screed
• dry screeds

Variations to the base construction

Other than using the load-bearing structure as a base, or constructing an assembled floor, there are three major types of floor bases in practical use:

• adhesive base: foundation screed, Estrich
• slipping base: floor slabs, foundation screed, Estrich
• floating base: floor slabs, foundation screed, Estrich, dry Estrich foundation.

Q5. Write a detailed note on different types of carpet.

Types Of Carpets:

This falls into two main categories:

Woven Carpets

• Wilton
• Axminster
• Oriental

Non-Woven Carpets

• Tufted
• Bonded
• Berber
• Knitted

Woven Carpets:

These are constructed on three types of looms- velvet, Wilton, & Axminster. They always have yarns in backing called warp & weft. Warp yarns run lengthwise, weft run crosswise

Wilton Carpets:
The Wilton carpet is made on a jacquard loom. A traditional woven Wilton carpet has pile threads that run in a continuous fashion into the carpet and are lifted above the surface of the backing with either wires or hooks.

Axminster Carpets:
Axminster can accommodate any number of colored yarns & produce precise complicated patterns. Pile height is always even & the back is heavily ribbed. There the main characteristic is that the pattern can be seen on the other side. there are three types of Axminster carpets.

Oriental Carpets:
These are available in a variety of sizes. Names based on country of origin .e.g. Chinese, Indian, and Persian, etc. these are only made as carpet pieces that are standalone rectangles the density of the carpet

Non-woven Carpets:

Tufted:
In these thousands of needles, threaded with pile yarns & extending 12 to 15 feet across the machine, is forced through the backing material to form loops or tufts. The backing may be woven fabric such as jute & the loops anchored under the jute backing(Hessian) with a hot layer of latex compound.

Bonded Carpets:
These are neither woven nor tufted. They are hardwearing & make an economical floor covering with good pile.

• Pile Bonded/ knitted- Here the pile is made and stuck to PVC. These generally have a pile of nylon or polypropylene which is stuck into a PVC backing. Pile Bonded carpets are also available as tiles.
• Needle Punched- These carpets are made by a process that compacts & mechanically joins fibers to form a felt-like surface. Needles literally ‘punch’ the fiber into a foam or latex backing. Usually, these are used for outdoor installations.
• Electro Statically Flocked- These are produced by projecting electrically charged fibers downwards into an adhesive-coated backing material. These are hard-wearing easy to clean and quick to dry. They are mostly used in a very wet area. Swimming pool and in the kitchen area.

Berber Carpets:
These carpets have short tufts; the pile is dense & lopped, characteristically made of natural undyed sheep’s wool. Berber carpets are a modern style of carpet, distinguished by a loop pile construction type, and usually contain small flecks of dark color on lighter shades of background colors.

Knitted Carpets:
These are produced by interlacing yarns in a series of connected loops. As in woven carpets, the pile & the backing are produced simultaneously. Multiple sets of needles interlace the pile, backing, & stitching yarns together in one operation

Q6. Discuss five types of the curtain with suitable illustrations.

Types Of Draperies, Curtains, And Headings :

1. Café Curtain:
   These are short curtains that lower a portion of a window. They are often hung on decorative rods by means of tags, clips, loops or hooks.
2. Cornice Curtains:
   This is a stiff box-like treatment at the top of a window. It may be made up of wood or metal. The width of a cornice is less than 1/8th of the overall length of a floor-length drapery.
3. Criss-Cross Curtains and Pricilla:
   Wide panels mounted so that they overlap and then tilt back. These are usually made of sheer fabric. Pricilla curtains are similar to criss-cross but they do not overlap.
4. Draw Curtains Or Draw Draperies:
   These are mounted on a transverse rod so that they can be drawn open or close. Different types of transverse rods permit a wide variety of treatments. Some may have a two-way draw while others are one-way. Curved and angled, transverse rods are also available for the bay and bow window.
5. Glass Curtain:
   These are made of sheer fabric in simple straight lines. These usually cover the whole window and are used with draperies.
6. Jabots:
   These are pleated or draped lengths of fabric that hang down the side of the window. Jabots may be of floor-length or only a foot long.
7. French Pleated Or French Draperies:
   Draperies are pleated at the heading and are most commonly used.
8. Sash Curtains:
   These are similar to glass curtains mounted on a rod attached to the sash or frame. These may cover only part of the window.
9. Swag and Cascades:
   Swag is a draped section of fabric at the top of the window. This is usually accompanied by short pieces of fabrics at sides to form cascades. They are suitable for formal window treatment. They are suitable when the depth of the swag is about half of the drapery length.

Q7. Discuss the steps involved in a typical refurbishment program.

Full planning is to be made before refurbishing or refurbishing an area. It is done in the slackest season.

1. Strip the room of the linen, including curtains and send them to the linen room.
2. Remove all supplies.
3. Usually, hotels sell all the items, often they do room by room and a buyer must buy the whole room.
4. The furniture and the carpets are removed and the buyer usually has to collect it the same day as storage is a problem. Otherwise, another room is emptied and use for storage.
5. Next, all the bathroom fittings are removed and the bathroom completed gutted and renewed, then redecoration takes place.
6. Next, the electrical work is completed replacing plugs and sockets, etc.
7. The carpet is laid or re-laid.
8. The new furniture is installed including the upholstery and all wirings completed. E.g. – bedside console, the TV, bedside lamps, etc.
9. New lamps and accessories are installed.
10. The HK comes to clean starting with the bathroom, balcony, windows, and furniture cleaning.
11. After this, the curtains are hung.
12. Beds are made.
13. All supplies are replaced.
14. Vacuum cleaning the room completes the work.
15. The room when ready is returned to the reception for re-letting. Generally, this is done when the whole floor is ready.

Q8.  Write short notes on :

a) Classes of fire
b) Energy-efficient lighting
c) Decorative accessories
d) House Breakup

a) Classes of fire:

• Class A: These are fires with trash, wood, paper or other ordinary combustible materials as their fuel source.
• Class B: These are fires with flammable or combustible liquids as their fuel source.
• Class C: These are fires involving electrical equipment.
• Class D: These are fires with certain ignitable metals as the fuel source.

b) Energy-efficient lighting

• Optimum use of natural/daylight
• Use of Led’s
• Using lighting controls
• Replacing with energy-efficient accessories
• Use of CFL’s

c) Decorative accessories

Accessories lend personality, charm, and individuality to a room. Each person’s selection and arrangement will reflect his/her own interest and sensitivity to good design. But the accessories should follow the theme of the room. Accessories must contribute towards the unity of the room.

• Books and magazines
• Clocks
• Mirrors
• Paintings
• Lamps
• Wall hangings
• Sculpture
• Plants and indoor trees

d) House Breakup

A house breakup is a pictorial representation of the location of all the guestrooms as given in the physical layout plan of the hotel. It consists of a line drawing of the guestroom section of the hotel, showing the relative positions of guestrooms, guest corridors, floor pantries and other areas significant to guestroom cleaning: though not necessarily accurate in terms of exact headings or scale.

Further room sections of 13-20 rooms at a time as close to each other as possible need to be marked out on the house breakup so that individual GRAs or team of GRAs can be assigned to particular sections each.

Q9. Differentiate between :

a) Form and shape
b) Safety and security
c) Refurbishing and redecoration
d) Linoleum and Pinoleum
e) Fitted furniture and built-in furniture.

 a) Form and shape

Form” and “shape” define objects situated in space. The basic difference, though, between “shape” and “form” is that “form” is in 3D while “shape” is plain 2D. The latter is simply defined by lines. “Shape” is thus described by virtue of how many sides it has and to some degree by its angular relations. There is a clear and well-defined border. Conversely, “form” details further the area bordered by the lines created.

Another difference between the elements of form and shape is where you see them. When you see typical printing or painting surface, you immediately see shapes. A form is different because it is used to describe the elements seen in metal works, pottery, and sculpture among many others. As such, forms exist outside the confines of a flat paper or canvas space.

b) Safety and security

Safety pertains to things such as disasters, emergencies, fire prevention, and protection. It also includes the prevention of injury or any sort of damage to property.

On the other hand, security is the freedom from fear, anxiety, and doubts concerning human as well as protection against thefts of guest, employee or hotel property.

c) Refurbishing and redecoration

Refurbishing always includes new curtains, bedspreads, upholstery, etc. Full planning is to be made before refurbishing or refurbishing an area. It is done in the slackest season.

Redecoration is planned for the slack season of the year. This is done either floor by floor or part of a floor at a time depending on the shape and number of rooms on the floor. It is always planned in such a way to cause as little inconvenience possible to the guest. Redecoration is also carried out in public areas. The restaurant area is closed and the lobby work is done only at night; cleaning away everything by morning. Several nights may be required o complete the work. Basically the work includes repainting, repolishing of furniture if required, and rearrangement and after this, full maintenance work and general cleaning are carried out.

d) Linoleum and Pinoleum

Linoleum:
This is made from oxidized linseed oil or a combination of drying oils, wood flour, ground cork, resins, and pigments. This compound is mixed and pressed onto an asphalt-soaked piece of felt which is heated to bond the elements. It is affected by high temperatures and strong alkalis. Gets dented, scratched easily. It is absorbent thus 11 minimum amounts of water should be used. It is used in linen rooms, corridors, bathrooms, and canteens.

Pinoleum:
A material used to make blinds, consisting of thin strips of pinewood coated with oil paint and threaded close together to form a flexible sheet which can be rolled up. Chiefly in “Pinoleum blinds.

Q10. Fill in the blanks :

1. Total weight of a carpet minus weight of the backing Underlay.
2. The lighter value of a color is called tint.
3. Halon Extinguishers have replaced BCF extinguishers as they are free from residue.
4. The term MSDS for material safety data sheet.
5. A bed that can fold up into the wall giving impressions of a shelf, cupboard or cabinet is called Murphy bed.
6. The wheels at the base of a furniture to make them mobile are called caster.
7. The size of a double bed is 4.6 ft * 6.3ft.
8. The minimum size requirements of bathrooms for 5- star rating is 7ft x 7ft.
9. The principle of design that suggests the tactile quality of something is called Texture.
10. A paneling that extends to halfway up the wall is called wainscot