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Exploring International Cuisines: Geography, Features, Staple Foods and Popular Dishes

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When it comes to culinary traditions, every country has a unique story to tell. From the spices used to the cooking techniques employed, food is one of the most important ways in which culture is expressed. In this blog, we’ll take a look at some of the most popular international cuisines, including their geographic location, important features, staple foods, and ten must-try dishes for each course.

What are International Cuisines?

International cuisines refer to the cooking traditions and practices of various regions and countries around the world. They are characterized by unique ingredients, cooking methods, and cultural influences, which contribute to the distinct flavors and textures of each cuisine.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom, comprising Scotland, Wales, England, and Northern Ireland, is an island nation located in northwestern Europe. Its culinary traditions are heavily influenced by its colonial past. Lard is a predominant cooking medium, while pies and pastries are popular. Sausages like Haggis are widespread, and alcoholic spirits are predominantly used as an aid to cooking.

Important Features

  • Use of lard is predominant.
  • Pies and pastries are popular.
  • Mostly inspired by the colonies.
  • Sausages like Haggis are widespread.
  • Alcoholic spirits are predominantly used as an aid to cooking.

Staple Food

  • Offal
  • Meat
  • Milk
  • Vegetables like leeks, onions, garlic, and leeks.
  • Butter
  • Cheese
  • Oats
  • Barley
  • Potatoes

Key dishes of different courses

  • Fish and Chips (main course)
  • Shepherds’ Pie (main course)
  • Cornish Pasty (snack)
  • Yorkshire Pudding (side dish)
  • Welsh Rarebit (appetizer)
  • Roast Beef (main course)
  • Cumberland Sausage (sausage)
  • Bread and Butter Pudding (dessert)
  • Scones (snack)
  • Fruit Trifle (dessert)

Italy

Italy is a country in Southern Europe known for its rich history, art, and culinary traditions. Its cuisine is renowned for its simple yet bold flavors. Olive oil is a major cooking medium and flavor enhancer, and wine is a common accompaniment to meals.

Important Features

  • Coffee, specifically espresso, is served after meals.
  • Italian meals are accompanied by wine.
  • Olive oil is a major cooking medium, and it is also used as a flavoring agent.
  • Starch-based products like pasta, pizza, and bread are the major source of carbohydrates.

Staple Food

  • Tomatoes
  • Durum Wheat
  • Olive oil
  • Cheese
  • Meat
  • Poultry
  • Herbs like basil, oregano, and thyme
  • Garlic

Key dishes of different courses

  • Minestrone (soup)
  • Frito Miso (appetizer)
  • Polenta (side dish)
  • Pizza (main course)
  • Spaghetti Carbonara (main course)
  • Tiramisu (dessert)
  • Panettone (dessert)
  • Bisttecca alla Florentina (steak)
  • Zabaglione (dessert)
  • Ricotta Gnudi (pasta dish)

France

France is a country in Southwestern Europe that’s known for its art, fashion, and culinary traditions. Its cuisine is characterized by its finesse, attention to detail, and use of fresh, high-quality ingredients.

Important Features

  • Baked goods are widely used.
  • Stock serves as an important base for most sauces and all soups.
  • Finesse is key to the French style of cooking.
  • Garnishes and accompaniments are very important.
  • The courses and structure of the menu are adhered to strictly.

Staple Food

  • Eggs
  • Herbs
  • Mustard
  • Wine
  • Bread
  • Meat
  • Poultry
  • Seafood
  • Stock

Key dishes of different courses

  • Moules et Frites (main course)
  • Chicken Cordon Bleu (main course)
  • Mussels a la Mariniere (appetizer)
  • Beef Bourguignon (main course)
  • Pork Tenderloin (main course)
  • Coq au Vin (main course)
  • Poulet Parisienne (main course)
  • Salmon and Swiss Chard Quiche (appetizer)
  • Mille Feuille (dessert)
  • Crème Brûlée (dessert)

Spain

Spain is a country in southwestern Europe known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse culinary traditions. Its cuisine varies widely across different regions, but is characterized by its bold flavors and use of fresh, high-quality ingredients.

Important Features

  • Various condiments and spices are used.
  • La Comida is a large midday meal.
  • Snacks and appetizers referred to as Tapas are extremely popular.
  • Large amounts of tomatoes.
  • Saffron is used to flavor many dishes.

Staple Food

  • Tomatoes
  • Milk
  • Seafood
  • Meat
  • Poultry
  • Rice
  • Olive oil
  • Forcemeat

Key dishes of different courses

  • Gazpacho (cold soup)
  • Tortillas (omelet)
  • Pintxos (appetizer)
  • Paella (main course)
  • Cat soup (stew)
  • Ox-tail stew (stew)
  • Cod Tavias (fish dish)
  • Churros (dessert)
  • Flan (dessert)
  • Torrija (dessert)

Portugal

Portugal is a country in southwestern Europe known for its rich maritime heritage and diverse culinary traditions. Its cuisine is heavily influenced by its colonial past and Mediterranean influences.

Important Features

  • Seafood is consumed in large quantities.
  • Highly influenced by the colonial era, Mediterranean influences are also found.
  • Spices like peri-peri are widely used.
  • Herbs like bay leaves and parsley are important.
  • Olive oil is the basis of most dishes.

Staple Food

  • Seafood
  • Cheese
  • Meat
  • Poultry
  • Vegetables like tomatoes, cabbage, and onions
  • Starch from potatoes and rice
  • Garlic
  • Olive oil
  • Peri-peri spice

Key dishes of different courses

  • Caldo Verde (soup)
  • Bica (pastry)
  • Chouriço (sausage)
  • Arroz doce (dessert)
  • Enchidos (sausage)
  • Maranahos (sausage)
  • Mariscos (seafood dish)
  • Pasties de Nata (pastry)
  • Barriga de friera (pork dish)
  • Doce de Cila (dessert)

Scandinavia

Scandinavia comprises of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The region is known for its stunning natural beauty, and its cuisine is heavily influenced by the surrounding waters and rugged terrain.

Important Features

  • Three meals a day and a coffee break are chosen food routines.
  • High intake of buttermilk and sour cream.
  • Preserved food is a common choice.
  • Spices are not widely consumed.
  • Cold Smorgasbord is usually part of a lunch or dinner setup.

Staple Food

  • Fish
  • Cabbage
  • Whole wheat bread
  • Cheese
  • Potato
  • Biscuits
  • Cookies
  • Forcemeat
  • Herring

Key dishes of different courses

  • Biksemad (main course)
  • Salmon (main course)
  • Steak and Potatoes (main course)
  • Salmon Sushi with Barley, Rice (sushi)
  • Frikadeller (meatballs)
  • Kraftor med dill (crayfish dish)
  • Stekt Strömming (herring dish)
  • Dillkött (meat dish)
  • Tjälknöl (roasted meat dish)

Germany

Germany is a country in western Europe known for its rich cultural heritage and distinctive cuisine. Its cuisine is heavily influenced by the neighboring countries of Italy and France, as well as its own unique culinary traditions.

Important Features

  • Adopted many cooking methods from Italy and France.
  • Preservation is used in many ways.
  • Herbs like parsley, celery, and dill are used.
  • Spices like juniper berries, horseradish, and mustard are used.
  • All forms of dairy are used.

Staple Food

  • Pork
  • Sausages
  • Potatoes
  • Bread
  • Cabbage
  • Trout
  • Apple
  • Meat
  • Cold cuts
  • Preserves
  • Cheese

Key dishes of different courses

  • Currywurst (sausage)
  • Frikadellen (German meatballs)
  • German Bienenstich (cake)
  • Apfelstrudel (dessert)
  • Kartoffelsalat (potato salad)
  • Käsekuchen (cheesecake)
  • Weiße Bohnensuppe (soup)
  • Bratwurst (sausage)
  • Kartoffelknödeln (potato dumplings)
  • Rotkohl (red cabbage)

Middle East

The Middle East is a region located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Its cuisine is known for its use of aromatic spices, fresh herbs, and bold flavors.

Important Features

  • Bulghur cracked wheat, which is husk removed, steamed, and crushed wheat, is the most common form of wheat.
  • Olive oil is an important ingredient.
  • Coriander is an essential spice.
  • Elaborate dips are used with most dishes.
  • Food is consumed communally.

Staple Food

  • Wheat
  • Lamb
  • Mutton
  • Cheese
  • Eggplant
  • Melon
  • Nuts
  • Dips like hummus, tabbouleh, mutabbal

Key dishes of different courses

  • Shorbat adas (lentil soup)
  • Fattoush (salad)
  • Falafel (appetizer)
  • Menamen (stew)
  • Pogaca (pastry)
  • Pilaf (rice dish)
  • Arak (liquor)
  • Kunafeh (dessert)
  • Qatayef (dessert)
  • Qara’ ‘Asali (dessert)

Oriental

The Oriental region comprises of China, Vietnam, Laos, Korea, and Japan. Its cuisine is known for its intricate flavors and emphasis on harmony in taste.

Important Features

  • Aniseed, Chinese prickly ash seed, and cinnamon are used to add aroma.
  • Soy sauce, vinegar, sugar, and salt are used in varying quantities to produce distinctive flavors according to regions.
  • Thai food has coconut oil and fresh herbs as an important ingredient.
  • Vietnamese cuisine focuses on a harmony of spices, sourness, salt, sweet, and bitter.
  • Stir-frying, steaming, and deep-frying are common cooking methods.

Staple Food

  • Rice
  • Soy
  • Bok choy
  • Mint
  • Cilantro
  • Basil
  • Mutton
  • Tea
  • Seafood
  • Mung beans

Key dishes of different courses

  • Bun cha (noodle dish)
  • Teriyaki rib eye steaks (main course)
  • Oyako Donburi (rice dish)
  • Cha ca (fish dish)
  • Bun bo nam bo (noodle dish)
  • Roast squab (poultry dish)
  • Yeung Chow (fried rice)
  • Dau Fu Fa (dessert)
  • Sai mai lo (dessert)

Mexican

Mexico is a country located in Latin America known for its vibrant culture and cuisine. Its cuisine is a blend of Mesoamerican and European influences, and it is renowned for its bold and spicy flavors.

Important Features

  • Chili is the main stimulant for taste.
  • Cumin, cinnamon, cloves, and coriander are used as essential flavoring agents.
  • Eggs are widely used for cooking.
  • Tortillas, the bread in Mexico, is eaten in every meal.
  • Jalapeno is a predominant spice.

Staple Food

  • Beans
  • Rice
  • Meat
  • Corn
  • Chili
  • Habaneros
  • Jalapeños
  • Poultry

Key dishes of different courses

  • Enchiladas (tortilla dish)
  • Fajita (grilled meat dish)
  • Chimichanga (deep-fried burrito)
  • Chorizo (sausage)
  • Pork and poblano (meat dish)
  • Cochinita pibil (pork dish)
  • Capirotada (dessert)
  • Cabrito (goat dish)
  • Mojarra Frita (fried fish)
  • Birria (stew)

Arabic

The Arabic cuisine is a rich and diverse cuisine, with different regions having their own unique culinary traditions. Some common elements of Arabic cuisine include the use of aromatic spices and herbs, rich and flavorful sauces, and an emphasis on communal dining.

Important Features

  • Butter and cream are extensively used.
  • Sesame, black pepper, saffron, turmeric, garlic, and cumin are principal spices.
  • Nuts are used in preparation as well as snacks.
  • Olive oil is an important ingredient.
  • Parsley, coriander, and mint are regular seasonings.

Staple Food

  • Coffee
  • Rice
  • Wheat
  • Lentils
  • Meat from large animals

Key dishes of different courses

  • Kabsa (rice dish)
  • Tilapia filet (fish dish)
  • Syrian oven potato (potato dish)
  • Sheikh al Mihshi (meat dish)
  • Mejaddara of rice (rice dish)
  • Mohallabiah (dessert)
  • Khabeesa (dessert)
  • Mafruka (poultry dish)
  • Oyoun el-maha (dessert)
  • Ghoraybah (cookie)

Conclusion

International cuisines offer a diverse range of flavors and culinary traditions that reflect the unique cultural heritage of each region. From Asian and European to Middle Eastern and African, these cuisines are sure to satisfy your taste buds and introduce you to new and exciting dishes from around the world.


Country

Geographic Location

5 Important Features

Staple Food

10 important dishes of different courses

United Kingdom

Europe, comprises of Scotland, Iceland, Wales and England.

  • Use of lard is predominant.
  • Pies and pastries are popular.
  • Mostly inspired by the colonies.
  • Sausages like Haggis are widespread.
  • Alcoholic spirits are predominantly used as an aid to cooking.
  • Offal
  • Meat
  • Milk
  • Vegetables like leeks, onions, garlic and leeks.
  • Butter
  • Cheese
  • Oats
  • Barley
  • Potatoes
  1. Fish and Chips
  2. Shepherds’ Pie
  3. Cornish Pastry
  4. Yorkshire Pudding
  5. Welsh Rarebit
  6. Roast Beef
  7. Cumberland Sausage
  8. Bread and butter Pudding
  9. Scones
  10. Fruit Trifle

Italy

Southern Europe

  • Coffee , specifically espresso is served after meals.
  • Italian meals are accompanied by wine.
  • Olive oil is a major cooking medium, it is also used as a flavouring agent.
  • Starch-based products like Pasta, pizza and bread are the major source of carbohydrates.
  • Tomatoes
  • Duram Wheat
  • Olive oil
  • Cheese
  • Meat
  • Poultry
  • Herbs
  • Garlic
  1. Minestrone
  2. Frito Miso
  3. Polenta
  4. Pizza
  5. Spagetti Carbonara
  6. Tiramisu
  7. Panettone
  8. Bistteccaalla Florentina
  9. Zabaglione
  10. Ricotta Gnudi

France

South-western Europe

  • Baked goods are widely used
  • Stock serves as an Important base for most sauces and all soups
  • Finesse is key to the french style of cooking
  • Garnishes and accompaniments are very important
  • The courses and structure of the menu are adhered to strictly.
  • Eggs
  • Herbs
  • Mustard
  • Wine
  • Bread
  • Meat
  • Poultry
  • Sea Food
  • Stock
  1. Moules el sauce
  2. Chicken Cordon Bleu
  3. Mussels a la mariniere
  4. Beef Bourguignon
  5. Pork tenderloin
  6. Coq Au Vin
  7. Poulet Parisienne
  8. Salmon and Swiss Chard Quiche
  9. Mille Feuille
  10. Creme Brûlée

Spain

South-western Europe

  • Various condiments and spices are used.
  • La Comida is a large midday meal
  • Snacks and appetizers referred to as Tapas are extremely popular.
  • Large amounts of tomatoes.
  • Saffron is used to flavor many dishes.
  • Tomatoes
  • Milk
  • Seafood
  • Meat
  • Poultry
  • Rice
  • Olive oil
  • Forcemeat
  1. Gazpacho
  2. Tortillas
  3. Pintxos
  4. Paella
  5. Cat soup
  6. Ox- tail stew
  7. Cod Tavias
  8. Churros
  9. Flan
  10. Torrija

Portugal

South-western Europe

  • Seafood is consumed in large quantities
  • Highly influenced by the colonial era, Mediterranean influences are also found
  • Spices like peri-peri are widely used
  • Herbs like bay leaves and parsley are important.
  • Olive oil is the basis of most dishes
  • Sea food
  • Cheese
  • Meat
  • Poultry
  • Vegetabes like Tomatoes, cabbage and onions
  • Starch from potatoes and rice
  • Garlic
  • Olive oil
  • Peri-peri spice
  1. Caldo Verde
  2. Bica
  3. Chourico
  4. Arroz doce
  5. Enchidos
  6. Maranahos
  7. Mariscos
  8. Pasties de Nata
  9. Barriga de friera
  10. Doce de Cila

Scandinavia

Sweden , Denmark , Norway

  • Three meals a day and a coffee break are chosen food routines
  • High intake of buttermilk and sour cream
  • Preserved food is a common choice 
  • Spices are not widely consumed
  • Cold Smorgasbord is usually part of a lunch or dinner setup
  • Fish
  • Cabbage
  • Whole wheat bread
  • Cheese
  • Potato
  • Biscuits
  • Cookies
  • Forcemeat
  • Herring
  1. Biksemad
  2. Salmon
  3. Steak and Potatoes
  4. Salmon Sushi with Barley, Rice
  5. Frikadeller
  6. Kraftor med dill
  7. Stekt Stromming
  8. Dillkott
  9. Tjalknol
  10. Rostad Hjortstek

Germany

Western Europe

  • Adopted many cooking methods from Italy and France
  • Preservation is used in many ways
  • Herbs like parsley celery and dill are used
  • Spices like Juniper berries, horseradish and mustard are used
  • All forms of dairy are used
  • Pork
  • Sausages
  • Potatoes
  • Bread
  • Cabbage
  • Trout
  • Apple
  • Meat
  • Cold cuts
  • Preserves
  • Cheese

1. Currywurst

2. Frikadellen (German meat balls)

3. German Bienenstich

4. Apfelstrudel

5. Kartoffelsalat

6. Kasekuchen

7. WeisseBohnensuppe

8. Bratwurst

9. Kartoffelknödeln

10. Rotkohl

Middle East

Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain

  • Bulghur cracked wheat, which is husk removed, steamed and crushed wheat; is the most common form of wheat.
  • Olive oil is an important ingredient 
  • Coriander is an essential spice.
  • Elaborate dips are used with most dishes
  • Food is consumed, Communally
  • Wheat
  • Lamb
  • Mutton
  • Cheese
  • Eggplant
  • Melon
  • Nuts
  • Dips like hummus, tabbouleh, mutabbal
  1. Shorbat adas
  2. Fattoush
  3. Falafel
  4. Menamen
  5. Pogaca
  6. Pilaf
  7. Arak
  8. Kunafeh
  9. Qatayef
  10. Qara’ ‘Asali

Oriental

China, Vietnam, Laos, Korea, Japan

  • Aniseed, Chinese prickly ash seed, and cinnamon are used to add aroma
  • Soy sauce, vinegar, sugar and salt are used in varying quantities to produce distinctive flavors according to regions
  • Thai food has coconut oil, and fresh herbs as important ingredient 
  • Vietnamese cuisine focuses on a harmony of spices, sourness, salt, sweet and bitter
  • Stir-frying, steaming and deep-frying are common cooking methods.
  • Rice
  • Soy
  • Bok choy
  • Mint
  • Cilantro
  • Basil
  • Mutton
  • Tea
  • Sea food
  • Mung beans
  1. Bun cha
  2. Teriyaki rib eye steaks
  3. Oyako Donburi
  4. Cha ca
  5. Bun bon am bo
  6. Roast squab
  7. Yeung Chow
  8. Dau Fu Fa
  9. Sai mai lo
  10. Braised Abalone

Mexican

Latin America

  • Chilli is the main stimulant for taste
  • Cumin, cinnamon, cloves, coriander are used as essential flavouring agents
  • Eggs are widely used for cooking
  • Tortillas, the bread in Mexico is eaten in every meal 
  • Jalapeno is predominant spice
  • Beans
  • Rice
  • Meat
  • Corn
  • Chilli
  • Habaneros
  • Jalapeños
  • Poultry
  1. Enchiladas
  2. Fajita
  3. Chimichanga
  4. Chorizo
  5. Pork and poblano
  6. Chocinita pibil
  7. Capirotada
  8. Cabrito
  9. Mojarra Frita
  10. Birria

Arabic

Eastern Arabia, Morocco, The Levant, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Somalia, Sudan

  • Butter and cream are extensively used
  • Sesame, black pepper, saffron, turmeric, garlic, cumin are principal spices.
  • Nuts are used in preparation as well as snacks
  • Olive oil is an important ingredient 
  • Parsley, coriander and mint are regular seasonings 
  • Coffee
  • Rice
  • Wheat
  • Lentils
  • Meat from large animals
  1. Kabsa
  2. Tilapia filet
  3. Syrian oven potato
  4. Sheikh al Mihshi
  5. Mejaddara of rice
  6. Mohallabiah
  7. Khabeesa
  8. Mafruka
  9. Oyoun el-maha
  10. Ghoraybah

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Syllabus BHM351 (T)

01 International Cuisine

  1. Geographic location
  2. Historical background
  3. Staple food with regional Influences
  4. Specialties
  5. Recipes
  6. Equipment in relation to:
    1. Great Britain
    2. France
    3. Italy
    4. Spain & Portugal
    5. Scandinavia
    6. Germany
    7. Middle East
    8. Oriental
    9. Mexican
    10. Arabic

Chinese

  1. Introduction to Chinese foods
  2. Historical background
  3. Regional cooking styles
  4. Methods of cooking
  5. Equipment & utensils

02 Bakery & Confectionery

I. Icings & Toppings

  1. Varieties of icings
  2. Uses of Icings
  3. Difference between icings & Toppings
  4. Recipes

II. Frozen Desserts

  1. Types and classification of Frozen desserts
  2. Ice-creams – Definitions
  3. Methods of preparation
  4. Additives and preservatives used in Ice-cream manufacture

III. Meringues

  1. Making of Meringues
  2. Factors affecting the stability
  3. Cooking Meringues
  4. Types of Meringues
  5. Uses of Meringues

IV. Bread Making

  1. Role of ingredients in bread Making
  2. Bread Faults
  3. Bread Improvers

V. Chocolate

  1. History
  2. Sources
  3. Manufacturing & Processing of Chocolate
  4. Types of chocolate
  5. Tempering of chocolate
  6. Cocoa butter, white chocolate, and its applications

03 Production Management

  1. Kitchen Organisation
  2. Allocation of Work – Job Description, Duty Rosters
  3. Production Planning
  4. Production Scheduling
  5. Production Quality & Quantity Control
  6. Forecasting & Budgeting
  7. Yield Management

04 Product & Research Development

  1. A. Testing new equipment
  2. B. Developing new recipes
  3. C. Food Trails
  4. D. Organoleptic & Sensory Evaluation

05 French

  1. Culinary French
  2. Classical recipes (Recettes Classique)
  3. Historical Background of Classical Garnishes
  4. Offals/Game
  5. Larder terminology and vocabulary