Table of Contents
Q.1. Explain the activities of the linen room in detail.
THE ACTIVITIES OF THE LINEN ROOM :-
Collection and Transportation: This is facilitated through chutes, canvas bags, trolleys, collapsible wire carts, skips.. It is an essential activity when laundry services are on contract. Guest laundry may also be collected, and billing and marking undertaken, should the laundry be off-premises.
Sorting and Counting: Sorting is carried out primarily to make counting possible as well as for streamlining laundry procedures. Linen is counted in order to make a record so that issuing to
departments may be accurate and it is possible to tally the exchange of linen between the linen room and the laundry and a basis for billing exists.
Packaging: Linen is packed in canvas bags to prevent damage to the linen articles. Those articles that need mending and those, which are heavily stained, may be segregated and put into separate canvas bags. The use of colour coding in this respect is useful.
Despatch: This obviously refers to the off-premises laundry. The time for despatch is usually anytime between 1300 hrs and 1600 hrs so that servicing of rooms is over by then and
guest laundry will have been collected. It is possible that soiled linen from the F&B outlets will also have been collected.
Deliveries: Clean linen is delivered in the morning hours and evening deliveries are usually for guest laundry.
Checking and Inspection: Checking the quantity to ensure that the amount of laundered linen tallies with the amount of soiled linen articles sent. Inspection of the quality of wash i.e. stains and dirt removed, no damages, no loss of shape or colour, no blue streaks or patches from the optical brightener, properly ironed. It is also possible that articles belonging to other hotels have been inadvertently delivered, so checking for this is essential.
Storage: The amount of space to be allocated for storage depends on the size and type of operation and the linen coverage.When designing the storage space for linen it is necessary to consider the type of shelves required, the method of storage as well as hygiene and safety factors.
Distribution to units: This is generally done on a clean-for-dirty basis. Some hotels use other systems of exchange such as topping up or a fixed issue based on expected occupancy. Still others may use a package system. Linen may be colour-coded for convenience. Whatever the system, it must be practical and serve the purpose of control. In some hotels specific timings are fixed for issue of linen.
Monogramming: The name or logo of the establishment is put onto the linen item for identification. The supplier may do this or the establishment, by embroidering, printing or embossing either directly on the fabric or on labels which are attached to the linen article. In special cases,the logo/name may actually be incorporated in the weave by the manufacturer. To judge the life span of an article, the date that it was first put into circulation may also be indicated on the article.
Repairs and Alteration: Damaged items are mended by stitching or darning. Alteration of uniforms is usual and condemned linen is converted into useful items called cut-downs/ makeovers. It is important to maintain a record of the condemned articles and the makeovers, so that they can be adjusted in the stock records.
Stock-taking and Records: Many records are entered on a day-to-day basis for the exchange of linen between the linen room, laundry and floors/departments. Purchase records are essential and records of condemned linen and makeovers are usually maintained. Periodical stocktaking is carried out and the annual stocktaking is recorded in the stock register, thereby providing the value of linen as an asset.
Security: It is important that the access to the linen room is restricted so as to prevent misuse and pilferage. Also linen is prone to fire breakouts so precautionary measures are taken to prevent this and the linen room is strictly a non-smoking area.
OR
(a) Draw the layout of a linen room.
(b) What are the essential planning features of a linen room?
Planning The Layout Of The Linen Room While Planning the following must be considered
1. Architectural features
2. Hygiene and Safety aspects
3. Activity areas
Essential features to be kept in mind while planning for a linen room
1. Location: Close to the housekeeper’s office. Close to the service elevators. Easy accessibility to the OPL or the hotel back entrance in case of commercial laundry. Away from the food production area as food smells can get absorbed by linen.
2. Space allocation: 6 Sq ft per room is the minimum space requirement. The area should be large enough for the necessary work to be carried on without overcrowding.
3. Entrance: Ideally the linen room should have only one entry/ exit point for security reasons. A stable type door is recommended which could deter unauthorized persons from walking in. The entrance must be at least 4 ft wide without a threshold for easy threshold for easy movement of trolleys.
4. Lighting: Since most of the area in the linen room is used for storage the amount of natural light will be very little. Hence adequate, shadow less, glare free lighting is required. The lighting should preferably be white fluorescent lights.
5. Heating and Ventilation: The linen room must have ventilation provided by fresh air vents. Moreover the air must be humidity free and maintained at around 20 degree centigrade.
6. Floors: Must be easily cleaned and sturdy enough to take movement of loaded trolleys. Also the floor must not be too noisy or slippery. Most suited is Kota stone.
7. Walls: Should be light coloured washable paint with matt finish i.e. should be easily cleaned the walls should not have any dampness.
8. Linen storage area: shelves should be designed using maximum utilization of space.Shelves can reach up to the ceiling with a 6 inch clearance at the bottom. Shelves must be slatted for adequate ventilation. Items which are stored for a long period of time must have shelves with the sliding doors and curtains to prevent dust from settling in. The depth of the shelves should be about 18 – 20 inches if against the wall; if accessible from both sides it could be about 38-40 inches. May be metal/ wooden storage of condemned and to be condemned linen must also be thought of.
9. Linen exchange counter: is normally a window without any grills and wide enough to pass bundles of linen. The window normally opens download forming a counter. The area below this counter can be used to park trolleys to collect soiled linen. When not in use the counter should be kept bolted. The 1st one connecting the laundry and linen room and the second for exchange of linen with F&B and housekeeping.
10. Have a wash basin with soap and towel as most of the articles dealt with are white.
11. Should have an ironing board with an iron for minor finishing if required.
12. Inspection area/ Table: The inspection table should be large enough to accommodate the freshly washed linen which needs to be inspected. A 100 rooms property could perhaps make do with a table size 10ft X 6ft. This need not be one solid piece but could be separated if required. The colours of the inspection table should contrast with thelinen since this utilizes a lot of space. The underneath of the table can be utilized for storage.
13. Soiled linen area: Should be close to the entrance and must be large enough to accommodate all the soil linen. There should be enough space to sort and count the linen, move and park trolleys. Floor and storage units of this area should be of a surface which does not stain the damp linen. A separate adjoining room for new linen.
14. Supervisor’s desk: should be located in such a way that he/ she has a good view of the entire linen room especially the transaction points. Drawers, desk must be designed to accommodate files records etc.
15. Fire and safety precautions: They should be well planned as the linen in highly combustible and a large amount of finance has been put into it. Hot water or steam pipes should not run through the linen room.
Q.2. (a) Describe the advantages of an On Premises Laundry over a commercial laundry.
Laundries which are situated inside the hotel premises known as on premises laundry.A contract or off premises laundry refers to the laundering outside the establishment. ie. given on a contract basis., to the specialize person who are particular in this field.
Advantages of OPL over a Commercial Laundry
• Time taken for laundering is reduced because transportation is eliminated.
• Linen is readily available especially in the case of emergency requirements.
• Control over the wash process and the laundry agents used making the wear and tear on linen comparatively much lesser.
• Pilferage is reduced.
• The ‘par’ stock required is reduced.
• Revenue is earned more from guest laundry.
Advantages Of On Premises Hotel Laundry
- Time taken for laundering is reduced because transportation is reduced.
- Linen is readily available especially in the case of emergency requirements.
- Pilferage reduced.
Disadvantages Of On Premises Laundry
- Cost of equipment and its maintenance is fairly high.
- Must be justified by an adequate amount of linen.
- More staff who are technically qualified and adiquet space is required.
Advantages Of Off Premises Hotel Laundry
- An huge investment behind the purchase of machines and equipments are saved.
- Salary for staff are saved.
- Hotel spaces are saved which can be used for other purpose.
Disadvantages Of Off Premises Hotel Laundry
- The hotel have to compromise with the quality of washing.
- Chances of pilferage is more.
- During the emergency, fresh linen may not be available.
(b) Draw the layout of an OPL of an 300 room 5 star hotel.
OR
Explain the laundry cycle with special reference to wash cycle.(10)
Q.3. Explain in detail the various equipment and materials used in flower arrangement.
BASIC INGREDIENTS
1. Mechanics
2. Equipment
3. Containers
4. Bases
5. Accessories
6. Plant material
7. Support
MECHANICS:
These are items used to keep flowers, foliage, and stems in place within the container.Mechanics must be fixed securely and should be hidden from view.Examples – florists’ foam (oasis), pin holders (Japanese term – kenzan), chicken wire,prong, adhesive clay and tape, florist cone.Floral foam, also called oasis, is a cellular plastic material, available in two types –green foam and brown/grey foam.Pin-holders, also called kenzan or needle-point holders, is a series of sharply pointed pins are firmly held in a solid lead base, to hold thick and heavy stems securely by impaling them on the pins.Chicken wire, also called ‘wire mesh’ or ‘wire netting’, is a fine- gauge wire used to cover floral foam blocks in large displays.Prong is the simplest type of floral foam anchor. It is a small plastic disc with four vertical prongs. The base of the prong is attached to the container with adhesive clay and the floral foam is pressed down onto the prongs.
Florist’s cone, also called a ‘flower tube’ or ‘flower funnel’. It acts like a miniature vase. It is used in large arrangements, where foliage or flowers need to be placed above their stem height.
EQUIPMENT:
This includes tools used to ensure t hat a satisfactory arrangement of plant material is created within the container.Examples – bucket, scissors, knife, watering can, mister, wire cutter, cocktail sticks, turn, wire, floral tape, candle holder, cut flower preservatives, and secateurs.Mister is a hand- held spray bottle to produce a fine mist of water droplets to keep an
arrangement look fresh in warm weather.Secateurs are used to cut through thick and woody stems.Cocktail sticks or a tooth pick is used to make holes in florists’ foam for a soft stem of
flower.Cut-flower preservatives is a bactericide ,available in powder or liquid form, to prevent slime and smell from developing in the vase water, plus sugar to prolong the life of fresh
flowers. A preservative can be made in-house by adding 3 teaspoons of sugar and 1 drop of bleach to half a litre of water.
CONTAINERS:These are receptacles that hold the flower arrangement. They may or may not be hidden by the plant material. The container must be waterproof and neutral colours such as soft grey, dull brown, off-white, or earth colours are most suitable because they are inconspicuous and do not detract attention from flowers displayed. Theme and simplicity should be kept in mind while choosing the design of the container.Example – vases and jugs, basket, bowls and trays, wreath frame etc.
BASES:An object that is placed underneath the container to protect the surface of the support and/or to add to the beauty of the display is called a base.
Example – table mat, tree section, wood base, stone base, and oriental base.
SUPPORT:This refers to the structure on which the container stands.Example – tables, sideboards, alcoves, and shelves.
PLANT MATERIALS:These can be divided into 3 basic types
A) Flowers ( dominant/ focal/ point material) –This consists of bold flowers or clusters of small showy blooms. The dominant material provides a centre of interest.Example – Gerbera, Chrysanthemum, lilies,Tulips, Poppies, Roses, Dahlias, and Daffodils.
B) Fillers ( secondary material) –This consists of smaller flowers and all sorts of leaves and foliage that are used to cover the mechanics and edges of the container and also provide added interest and colour to the display.Example – Asters, Ivy, Button Chrysanthemum, Carnations, Gypsophila (Baby’s breath), Limonium and Marguerites.
C) Foliages ( line material ) –This consists of tall stems, flowering spikes, or bold leaves that are used to create the basic framework or skeleton. This line material may be straight or curved and it sets the height and width of the finished arrangement.Examples – Gladioli, birds of paradise, golden rods, larkspur, asparagus ferns, palms,tuberoses, and Peruvian lilies.
ACCESSORIES:These are non-plant materials included in or placed alongside the arrangement. Their purpose in generally decorative but could be functional at times. Accessories are added to the design for extra interest or to ‘stretch’ the flowers when they are in short supply.Example – miniature dolls, hats, ribbons, beads, painted wire, wooden fruit shapes, silk flowers and foliage, candles, driftwood, shells, idols, interesting pebbles etc.
Q.4. What factors should the executive housekeeper consider while purchasing linen for the hotel?
Cost of buying and maintenance: Laundering cost comes next to labour cost.Synthetics require lesser temperature and shorter programs for laundering when compared to cotton. “No iron blends” do not require ironing.
Durability of the fabric: The life expectancy of the fabric should be substantial. This can be achieved by keeping the following in mind:
Thread count: It is the measure of number of warps and wefts per square inch of a fabric. Warp is the thread stretched longitudinally along the length of the loom. Weft is the thread stretched across the width of the loom and is interwoven into the wrap. They are also called the filling. In a high thread count the shrinkage is considerably reduced and the fabric is comparatively finer and is more durable. Note – fabrics must not only retain their appearance throughout their life but also must be serviceable, easy to maintain and long lasting.
Tensile strength: It is defined as the number of pounds of pressure that a strip of fabric measuring 3” in length and 1” in width can withstand under controlled conditions of humidity and temperature before it breaks. A higher tensile strength therefore implies more stability.
Amount of dressing: It is the starch applied to a material. Even loosely woven material gives the appearance of being firm when starched. To test the amount of starch keep
fabric on dark surface and rub it with both hands. The starch will fall like flakes. Higher the amount of flakes poorer the fabric.
Elasticity and Resilience/ Crease resistance: Elasticity of fibre is the ability to come back to its original length after tension is removed. Resilience is ability of fibre to provide crease resistance. Resiliency of fibre is its ability to resist compression. Both elasticity and resiliency will provide some sort of crease resistance to a fabric.
Abrasive resistance: It is the resistance of the fabric to surface wear and tear and it can be measured by the number of rubs that a particular fabric can take before weakening.
Shrinkage resistance: It is how much the particular fabric shrinks after the first/ second wash the shrinkage resistance should be high for all the fabrics. The preferable shrinkage should be 1-2 % and in cotton 5 %.
Colour: The following points should be taken care of: 1. bleeding of colour – When colour runs on coming in contact with water or chemicals. 2… Cracking- When colour
runs onto a surface due to friction. In both the cases problem arises due to usage of nonfast colours/dyes or due to improper methods of dyeing. Fabrics dyed at the yarn stage(VAT Stayed) are definitely more colour fast than one dyed at the fabric stage. Dyed natural fibres will fade after several washings. Fabrics must be checked for dye stability.Colour fast fabrics must be used which do not fade away on exposure to sunlight/chemicals and whose colours do not bleed/run or crack .* Dark colour fabrics show dust and light colour fabrics show dust and stains easily. These will be less apparent in a medium toned fabric. * Colours chosen must be easily available when replacements are required. * In hotels and hospitals normally white coloured bed linen is used a give better appearance of cleanliness and as easy to maintain and sterilize.
Method of construction: The fabric can be knitted, woven or bonded. A woven fabric is most durable and most common. The method of construction, the type of surface, appearance and fall of the fabric are to be considered while selecting the fabric. The closer the weave lesser will be the shrinkage. The weave must be balanced one example 96/94. 96/70 is an unbalanced weave and it shows that is a loose weave.
Weight of the fabric: Lighter the fabric. Easier to handle and takes less time to dry. This is particularly true for bed and table linen as these are handled and worked frequently.
For soft furnishings, heavier fabric is preferred as they are better in durability, texture and fall. The weight of the fabric may be expressed in ounces / yard or pound / yard.
Example Bed linen is 36 ounces / yard.
Width of the fabric: 4 standard widths i.e. 1 meter (36”) 1.3 meter (48”) 1.5 meter (54”) and 1.6 meter (60”) are widely used out of which 48” is the most commonly used.
Thermal properties: Whether the fabric is cool/ warm, the criteria are taken in mind depending upon the area and purpose of use. It also gives an indication of the laundering temperature.
Flames Retardency: Wool is a naturally flame retardant. Synthetic fibres which are made flame retardant are available. They can be used for drapery, upholstery and carpets.
Resistance to pests: Mildew is a type of fungus that causes stains especially on cotton and linen. Moth larvae on the other hand eat into the cloth so cloth should be resistant to these pests.
OR
What do you mean by Linen hire? What are the advantages and disadvantages if a hotel opts for it?
Hiring linen is uncommon in India, but many hotels in other parts of the world do not purchase linen, and prefer to hire laundered linen from a hiring company. Linen hire companies supply clean linen to hotels on a hire basis. Thus it is a contract with a company which rents and launders linen. The system has both advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages
• Initial purchase investment is eliminated.
• No laundering of linen is necessary.
• Less storage space.
• Less staff which means fewer salaries to pay.
• No need to order linen so purchase function is eliminated.
• No repairing of linen by the hotel.
• It is ideal for spasmodic trade such as seasonal hotels, by avoiding capital expenditure and the need to store seldom used linen.
• Linen hire charges may be no greater than the combined depreciation and laundering costs.
Disadvantages
• No individuality.
• Choice is limited – the linen specifications, sizes and standards may be different from those required by the hotel.
• No cut-downs or makeovers possible.
• Damages have to be paid for, usually at a higher rate.
• The hotel is totally dependent on the hiring company.
• There is no control over the quality of wash.
• Linen supply may be affected by bad weather or strikes causing a breakdown in operations.
• If low occupancy, there is a loss due to unused linen.
• Excess requirement is charged at the current rate.
• Guest laundry will have to be dealt with or co-ordinated with a commercial laundry.
Q.5. Explain any five laundry equipment briefly.
1) Washing machine
– the essential parts of the washing machine are motor, inner shell, outer shell & a casing.
– the machine may be top loading (lesser capacity), front loading or side loading (for large loads in industrial laundering).
– the machine rotates for 15 seconds in one direction, stops and reverses direction for 15 seconds. This prevents the ‘roping’ of linen in the drum.
– the speed of rotation of the drum depends on the diameter and ranges between 40 to 60 r.p.m.
– centrifugal action of the drum causes friction between the clothes thereby suspending dirt.
– the water level is referred to as ‘dip’.
– the temperature of water ranges from 30º C to 95º C
– machines operate on manual switches, dial settings, computerized cards or on computer panels.
– modern machinery have sensors that can gauge the length of cycle, level and temperature of water, amount of laundry agent and when it should be added in the wash cycle as well as the type of drum action, for a specific wash load.
– industrial machinery have a control panel which displays the stage in the wash cycle in progress, the time remaining for the completion of the cycle, the temperature of water and the chemical in use.
– machines which carry out washing as well as hydro-extraction are called washer extractors.
2) Hydro-Extractor
Modern hydro-extractors work on the centrifugal action and the procedure is usually part of the wash cycle. The drum rotates at high speed (at least ten times the wash speed) and the clothes are pressed against the sides of the drum and water passes out through the perforations and out through the open drain.
3) Tunnel Washers
These are also called batch washers or continuous washers and are in effect a series of inter-connected washers. Each ‘bath’ is in a different cylinder and the load moves from one cylinder to the next. Computerized systems automatically adjust the time, temperature and chemicals to be used, so that each batch receives the required treatment. Machines may be top transfer or bottom transfer. Tunnel washers have distinct advantages in that they are timesaving, thereby reducing staff requirement.There are also significant energy and water savings. Tunnel washers can also be hooked up to an extractor and subsequently with conveyors to the dryer.
4) Tumble Dryer
Dryers are machines that dry laundry by tumbling it slowly in a perforated drum exposed to hot air ranging from 40ºC to 60ºC in low capacity dryers and going right upto 85ºC in
an industrial dryer. There are programmes for delicate articles with low or no heat. Dryers may operate on gas, electricity or steam. For speedy drying and less wrinkling the volume of the dryer should be 25% more than the washer-extractor.Most dryers have a microprocessor computer control system. Although suitable drying times are usually recommended for specific fabrics, some dryers have sensors hooked onto their microprocessors so that they can gauge the moisture in the load and cut the dryer off automatically the moment the laundry is dry. This is a major preventive factor against spontaneous combustion, as hot air blowing on ‘bone dry’ fabrics can easily set it on fire. Furthermore, the dryer may have a post-drying cool down cycle that also reduces the fire hazard as well as prevents the formation of wrinkles in noiron fabrics. The process creates a great deal of wear and tear on the fabric as particles of lint come off in
the drying process. A lint screen traps the lint particles and must be cleaned regularly. Lint build-up restricts air-flow and reduces the rate of moisture removal, thereby increasing energy consumption and costs. The length of the cycle is dependent on the absorbency of the fabric, the residue of moisture and whether the fabric is to be completely dried (approximately 40 mins.) Modern dryers are equipped with high tech features such as signal lights, self-cleaning lint screens, reverse cylinder drums as well as energy-saving devices like extra insulation and heat reclaimers.
5) FINISHING EQUIPMENT
For those articles that require a pressed finish there are many finishing equipment.Some of the more frequently used equipment are listed below.
*Flatwork Ironer / Roller Iron / Calender
Is used for flatwork i.e. items like sheets, pillowcases, tablecloths, serviettes, aprons,sarees, etc. The items are passed through heated rollers for ironing.
*Press
Is for shaped articles (usually clothing) like shirts, trousers, etc. They are special presses to perform specific functions and operation can be on electricity or steam.
*Cabinet Dryer or Drying Room
Is a chamber where low-crease garments are suspended on hangers and steam or hot air is circulated through the cabinet.
*Puffer or Suzie
For coats and articles that do not crease heavily. The articles are put onto a dummy that is inflated with steam to remove creases and then with hot air to remove the moisture created by the steam
Q.6. (a) What are the factors to be considered while designing uniforms for hotel staff?
Points to be considered while designing uniform:
- General profile of the employee
- Image and identity of the property
- Comfort in wear
- Purpose of work
- Appearance & style
- Climatic conditions of the place
- Budget & value for money
- Fabric
- Ease of availability of material
- Staff turnover
(b) Draw a neat sketch of uniform to be provided to a hostess of an Indian speciality restaurant.
Formal pant suit( blue black, grey, cream)
Jacket cotton,wool blend 100*2.5=250
Trousers 2 meters =200
Shirt 250 depending on size cotton
Footwear 700
Total 1500
Q.7. Write short notes on:
(a) Activities in the Sewing Room
Machine marking or monogramming may be carried out in the sewing room and when marking linen, it is usual to mark on the right hand side of the article, the name of the organization and the department and the date it was put into circulation. The latter shows the wearing quality of the article and helps to estimate the life span of the article.
Frayed parts and tears frequently occur in towels, table and bed linen and these are repaired by machine darning. Patching, repairing flaps of pillowcases and torn pockets are among the common sewing tasks. Ideally, mending should be carried out before laundering, but dealing with soiled or wet articles is unpleasant, so mending is usually done on laundered linen.
Straight-forward , ordinary machining is done for hems on sheets or towels. New items which require straight stitching like bed sheets and tablecloths, may be made.
Creating makeovers and cut-downs involving the innovative use of discarded linen.
Stitching of buttons, hooks etc and the mending and alteration of uniforms.
(b) Basic elements required for growth of indoor plants
Q.8. Define the following:
(a) Thread count
The total number of warps(vertical threads) & wefts(horizontal threads) in 1sq. inch of a brics. The balance between warp and weft is also important. The warp count should be higher than the weft.
(b) Fabric softener
Fabrics become hard due to build up of salts in hard water Softeners make fabric supple, comfortable, fluffier Softeners are added with sours in the final wash cycle. They reduce flatwork ironing, speed up extraction, reduce drying time, and reduce static electricity in the fabric. Too much softener can decrease a fabric’s absorbency and whiteness.
(c) Duvet
A duvet is a type of bedding consisting of a soft flat bag filled with down, feathers, wool,silk or a synthetic alternative, and typically protected with a removable cover, analogous to a pillow and pillow case.
(d) Stocktaking
Stocktaking is physical verification of linen, it is counting what you have(ACTUAL OR PHYSICAL STOCK) and comparing it with BOOK STOCK.
(e) Makeovers
Alteration of uniforms is usual and condemned linen is converted into useful items called cut-downs/ makeovers
(f) Spotting
The specialized function of stain removal carried out by skilled personal called spotters,using appropriate equipment and stain-removal agents.
(g) Fabric stiffeners
Starches give linen a crisp and fresh appearance It is added in the final step in the washing process. Mostly starches consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen similar to sugar in composition should penetrate the fabric well but should leave a smooth glossy finish.
(h) Dry cleaning
Dry cleaning is the method used for cleaning delicate textiles. It uses the principle that most of the dirt is held to the fabric by grease, when grease is removed the dirt is removed along with it.
(i) Monogramming
The name or logo of the establishment is put onto the linen item for identification and differentiation between hotel linen and guest linen.. The different ways of monogramming are:‑
‑Embroidering,
‑Sewing,
‑Weaving
‑Marking with chisel ink
(j) Valet service
The room maids or valet takes the laundry bag which contains dirty linens to the laundry department. Valet service a cleaning service, in which your clothes are collected for cleaning, from your house or hotel, and returned to you.
Q.9.(a) Draw laundry care symbols for following:
(i) Hand wash only
(ii) Dry Clean
(iii) Do not bleach
(iv) Do not tumble dry
(v) Use medium temperature iron
(b) Give one word for the following:
(i) Laundry aid which works by removing oxygen from the colouring matter of the stain. Reducing Bleach
(ii) Hydro extracted mass of clothes. Cheese Cloth
(iii) Self-service laundries. Laundromats
(iv) Automatic detergent feed in washing machines.
(v) Correct water level in the washing machine
Q.10. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Oasis is another term for florist foam.
(b) Linen that is officially declared unfit for use is Discarded Linen.
(c) The Japanese term for pin holder is Penhoruda.
(d) Protective covers worn on thumb and index finger while sewing is Thimble.
(e) __________ is the American term for pillowcases.
(f) __________ is a floating oriental arrangement.
(g) The minimum stock of linen required in housekeeping is referred to as Par Stock.
(h) __________ is a method of linen exchange.
(i) The average lifespan of a cotton bed sheet is _________ washes.
(j) Slip cloths are also known as Over Lay