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Common adulterants in food

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Butter and Cream:
Anatta is added to give a yellow tinge to butter. A byproduct of beef fat called oleomargarine is added in large quantities to butter. Cream is adulterated with gelatin and formaldehyde is added to increase the shelf life. Vanaspati is added to pure ghee and butter.

Ice Cream:
Washing powder is regularly added to add volume to ice cream.

Milk, Paneer, Khoya:
Urea, Starch and washing powder is added.

Tumeric, Coriander powder, Red Chilies:
Tumeric is mixed with metanil yellow, coloured chalk powder, aniline dyes; wood powder is added to both turmeric and coriander, while red chillies are mixed with Red colour dye, Sudan Red III colour and brick dust.

Mustard:
Argemone seeds are regularly added.

Spice Powder:
Barn is added along with synthetic colours.

Cinnamon Bark:
Cassia bark is added.

Cumin seeds:
Grass seeds coloured with charcoal is mixed.

Pulses: Moong, Chana etc
Lead Chromate is added on a regular basis. Kesari dal is added to Besan and yellow dal.

Tea:
Iron filings, coloured tea leaves, used.

Coffee:
Chicory is mixed with the powder.

Wheat Flour:
Chalk powder, barn dust and sand are added.

Confectionary
Colours that have a harmful effect on the body are added to confectionary items that children consume on a regular basis and they include copper, Prussian blue, arsenic compounds, chrome yellow etc.

Vegetables:
Copper salts are added to colour the vegetables with green.

Vegetable Oils:
Castor oil, Mineral oil, Argemone oil, Kranaja oil is added.


 

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Syllabus BHM207

01 Basic Introduction to Food Safety, Food Hazards & Risks, Contaminants and Food Hygiene

02 Micro-organisms in Food

  1. General characteristics of Micro-Organisms based on their occurrence and structure.
  2. Factors affecting their growth in food (intrinsic and extrinsic)
  3. Common food-borne micro-organisms:
    1. Bacteria (spores/capsules)
    2. Fungi
    3. Viruses
    4. Parasites

03 Food Spoilage & Food Preservation

  1. Types & Causes of spoilage
  2. Sources of contamination
  3. Spoilage of different products (milk and milk products, cereals and cereal products, meat, eggs, fruits and vegetables, canned products)
  4. Basic principles of food preservation
  5. Methods of preservation (High Temperature, Low Temperature, Drying, Preservatives & Irradiation)

04 Beneficial Role of Micro-organisms

  1. Fermentation & Role of lactic acid bacteria
  2. Fermentation in Foods (Dairy foods, vegetable, Indian foods, Bakery products and alcoholic beverages)
  3. Miscellaneous (Vinegar & anti-biotics)

05 Food-borne Diseases

  1. Types (Infections and intoxications)
  2. Common diseases caused by foodborne pathogens
  3. Preventive measures

06 Food Additives

  1. Introduction
  2. Types (Preservatives, anti-oxidants, sweeteners, food colours and flavours, stabilizers and emulsifiers)

07 Food Contaminants & Adulterants

  1. Introduction to Food Standards
  2. Types of Food contaminants (Pesticide residues, bacterial toxins mycotoxins, seafood toxins, metallic contaminants, residues from packaging material)
  3. Common adulterants in food
  4. Method of their detection (basic principle)

08 Food Laws and Regulations

  1. National – PFA Essential Commodités Act (FPO, MPO etc.)
  2. International – Codex Alimentarius, ISO
  3. Regulatory Agencies – WTO
  4. Consumer Protection Act

09 Quality Assurance

  1. Introduction to Concept of TQM, GMP and Risk Assessment
  2. Relevance of Microbiological standards for food safety
  3. HACCP (Basic Principle and implementation)

10 Hygiene and Sanitation in Food Sector

  1. General Principles of Food Hygiene
  2. GHP for commodities, equipment, work area and personnel
  3. Cleaning and disinfection (Methods and agents commonly used in the hospitality industry)
  4. Safety aspects of processing water (uses & standards)
  5. Waste Water & Waste disposal

11 Recent Concerns

  1. Emerging pathogens
  2. Genetically modified foods
  3. Food labelling
  4. Newer trends in food packaging and technology
  5. BSE (Bovine Serum Encephthalopathy)