Table of Contents
Q.1. What are the various factors an Executive Housekeeper should consider while purchasing room linen for a five star deluxe hotel?
Cost of buying and maintenance: Laundering cost comes next to labour cost. Synthetics require lesser temperature and shorter programs for laundering when compared to cotton. “No iron blends” do not require ironing.
Durability of the fabric: The life expectancy of the fabric should be substantial. This can be achieved by keeping the following in mind:
Thread count: It is the measure of number of warps and wefts per square inch of a fabric. Warp is the thread stretched longitudinally along the length of the loom. Weft is the thread stretched across the width of the loom and is interwoven into the wrap. They are also called the filling. In a high thread count the shrinkage is considerably reduced and the fabric is comparatively finer and is more durable. Note – fabrics must not only retain their appearance throughout their life but also must be serviceable, easy to maintain and long lasting.
Tensile strength: It is defined as the number of pounds of pressure that a strip of fabric measuring 3” in length and 1” in width can withstand under controlled conditions of humidity and temperature before it breaks. A higher tensile strength therefore implies more stability.
Amount of dressing: It is the starch applied to a material. Even loosely woven material gives the appearance of being firm when starched. To test the amount of starch keep fabric on dark surface and rub it with both hands. The starch will fall like flakes. Higher the amount of flakes poorer the fabric.
Elasticity and Resilience/ Crease resistance: Elasticity of fibre is the ability to come back to its original length after tension is removed. Resilience is ability of fibre to provide crease resistance. Resiliency of fibre is its ability to resist compression. Both elasticity and resiliency will provide some sort of crease resistance to a fabric.
Abrasive resistance: It is the resistance of the fabric to surface wear and tear and it can be measured by the number of rubs that a particular fabric can take before weakening.
Shrinkage resistance: It is how much the particular fabric shrinks after the first/ second wash the shrinkage resistance should be high for all the fabrics. The preferable shrinkage should be 1-2 % and in cotton 5 %.
Colour: The following points should be taken care of: 1. bleeding of colour – When colour runs on coming in contact with water or chemicals. 2… Cracking- When colour runs onto a surface due to friction. In both the cases problem arises due to usage of non-fast colours/dyes or due to improper methods of dyeing. Fabrics dyed at the yarn stage (VAT Stayed) are definitely more colour fast than one dyed at the fabric stage. Dyed natural fibres will fade after several washings. Fabrics must be checked for dye stability. Colour fast fabrics must be used which do not fade away on exposure to sunlight/chemicals and whose colours do not bleed/run or crack .* Dark colour fabrics show dust and light colour fabrics show dust and stains easily. These will be less apparent in a medium toned fabric. * Colours chosen must be easily available when replacements are required. * In hotels and hospitals normally white coloured bed linen is used a give better appearance of cleanliness and as easy to maintain and sterilize.
Method of construction: The fabric can be knitted, woven or bonded. A woven fabric is most durable and most common. The method of construction, the type of surface, appearance and fall of the fabric are to be considered while selecting the fabric. The closer the weave lesser will be the shrinkage. The weave must be balanced one example 96/94. 96/70 is an unbalanced weave and it shows that is a loose weave.
Weight of the fabric: Lighter the fabric. Easier to handle and takes less time to dry. This is particularly true for bed and table linen as these are handled and worked frequently. For soft furnishings, heavier fabric is preferred as they are better in durability, texture and fall. The weight of the fabric may be expressed in ounces / yard or pound / yard. Example Bed linen is 36 ounces / yard.
Width of the fabric: 4 standard widths i.e. 1 meter (36”) 1.3 meter (48”) 1.5 meter (54”) and 1.6 meter (60”) are widely used out of which 48” is the most commonly used.
Thermal properties: Whether the fabric is cool/ warm, the criteria are taken in mind depending upon the area and purpose of use. It also gives an indication of the laundering temperature.
Flames retardency: Wool is a naturally flame retardant. Synthetic fibres which are made flame retardant are available. They can be used for drapery, upholstery and carpets.
Resistance to pests: Mildew is a type of fungus that causes stains especially on cotton and linen. Moth larvae on the other hand eat into the cloth so cloth should be resistant to these pests.
OR “Hotel linen is expensive and if well maintained its life can be extended”. Keeping in mind the above statement, create a 10(ten) point checklist for reducing damage to hotel linen.
- Regular stock taking- the stock taking process should be done regularly so that count of the linen could be checked with the books.
- Correct laundering procedure- The laundering procedures used for the laundry should always be appropriate as if not then it can damage the hotel linen.
- Purchase only as per requirement- The purchase should always be done as per requirement as it helps in easy storage of the linen.
- Proper supervision in linen room- proper supervision is necessary to make sure no pilferages take place.
- Correct storage- The storage should be done properly and correctly to reduce time.
- Re-cycling of linen-The linen which is torn or faded should be recycled properly and wiping sheets, dusters can be made out of them.
- Proper exchange procedure-The exchange procedure should be followed every time to avoid to confusion and loss of count.
- Controlling mis-use-The misuse should be reduced by training the staff regarding the uses and policies.
- Monogramming and Marking– Monogramming of all the linen should be done to reduce theft and pilferage.
- Tagging of linen- Tagging should be done as soon as the linen is purchases so that track of the life of the item could done.
Q.2. The institute is organizing an Awadhi Food Festival in the month of May. Design uniforms for students (male) assigned for service indicating fabric and cost.
Off white/ white Kurta ,grey/contrast Nehru jacket , pagdi and jutti
Kurta polly cot 4meters 90*4=360
Pant / pajama 3 meters 90*3= 280
Jacket 3-4 meters 340
Jutti 600
Total 1800 ( name badge and pagdi)
OR What are the duties and responsibilities of a seamstress in the sewing room? Duties and responsibilities of a seamstress
Duties and responsibilities of a seamstress
1 Mend all Hotel damaged Linen.
2. Mend all Hotel damaged Uniforms
3. Refurnish all damaged Upholstery.
4. Withdraw material form the store and take to the work their place.
5 Cut the material as per requirement of each particular item.
6. To check all the quality of spring, Foam.and replace.
7. Keep the work place assigned neat and tidy.
8. Tailor/Upholstery Department must co-ordinates with Linen Room Supervisor
9. Calculate materials required for uniforms and upholstery and purchase accordingly.
10. Repair guest clothes if required.
Q.3. (a) Why are indoor plants replacing flower arrangements in hotels?
Air freshening/ detox
Long Lasting Lesser cost
Easy to maintain
Eco Friendly or “green” alternative
(b)Discuss the basic elements required for the growth of indoor plants. The basic elements that a plant needs for growth are:
- Air temperature
- Light
- Water
- Humidity
- Re-potting
- Food
- Pruning
- Disease and Pest Control
Plants however differ in the quality and quantity of these needs that they must have in order to grow successfully.
Air Temperature:Plants thrive well in warm temperatures. They can however adapt to the given atmosphere. Plants cannot withstand a constant change in temperature. It is wise to allow some transition time in the shade when transferring it to extremes of temperature.
Light:Although plants can be kept indoors, they need light for their growth. Light is a vital factor in the photosynthesis process by which plants make their food. Artificial lighting does enable a plant to grow properly. Indoor plants will generally not grow in a dark or poorly lit room. Plants with dark green leaves can be placed in a dark area withsufficient artificial light. If the light is dim and the plant does not grow well it can be acclimatized by keeping it in a shady place which receives little or no sunlight. The light intensity of a plant varies according to the darkness of the area. Dimmer the light, longer the lighting.Often it is noticed that plants grow only in one direction. This is because they are seeking light. To achieve a uniform growth, rotate the plants in their place periodically. Indoor plants need to be brought out for fresh air at least once a fortnight. Care should be taken however to ensure that the plants are not placed in direct sunlight. Doing so, even for five minutes will scorch the leaves of the plant.
Water:The water requirement of the plant depends on many factors like season, position indoors, age of plant, type, room temperature, type and size of pot and medium used. It is incorrect to presume that frequent watering of the plant keeps it healthy. It is quite the reverse as overwatering can kill a plant.Water has to be provided judiciously and though there is no accurate guideline for this one can test the soil in the pot for dampness. If the soil is damp, the plant does not need watering. If it is dry then sufficient water must be applied so that water drains out from the drainage holes at the base of the pot. By using less water here to prevent overflow, there is the risk of damaging the root system and killing the plant as the root will grow upwards in search of water and may get exposed and damaged by external factors.Under watering can also lead to the accumulation of salts at the top or side and cause marginal or tip burning of leaves. Overwatering is as dangerous as it will lead to root suffocation and rotting.
Useful Hints for Watering
_ The winter months require less watering for the plant as the root is dormant, Conversely the summer is the growing season of the plant.
_ Plants with thin leaves require more water than others. Cacti and succulent plants which store water require less watering.
_ Freshly potted plants with less root development will require little water as overwatering can cause rotting of the tender roots. Well- grown plants would have developed a good root system and therefore more water.
_ If the temperature of the room is high, there would be a relative increase in transpiration, requiring more water. If it is cool, the watering should be less.
_ Plants should not be allowed to wilt. On signs of wilting, water the pots carefully so that the entire soil is drenched and the excess water is drained off.
Also it is necessary to clean the leaves regularly with a wet sponge in order for plants to thrive well and look healthy. This prevents the pores in the leaves from getting clogged with dust.
Humidity:Often one notices the tips of the leaves turning brown and wilting which happens in an air-conditioned room, simply because air conditioning dries out the humidity in the air. The plants lose water faster from the pores in their leaves than they can replace it through their roots.
Some suggestions to provide humidity for the plant:
- Place the plants on a tray of wet pebbles. The water evaporates upward from the surface of stones and creates a humid atmosphere around the plants.
- Group the plants together so that they can break the air currents blowing on them and also take advantage of the moisture evaporating from each other. Water pools between plants can enhance this effect.
- Spray water on the leaves of the plant.
Re-Potting:Plants cannot grow forever in the same pot. As the roots gradually fill up the pot, it needs to be planted in another pot for it to continue to grow. For further growth, remove some soil from the top and replace it with fresh soil,at least once a year.Repotting should be done during summer or during the rainy season. Plants should be watered the day before re-potting , but care must be taken not to over water making the soil slushy. The plant should slide out of the old pot smoothly without damaging the roots. For the purpose of re-potting, the next larger size which is bigger by 3 cm in diameter is suitable and has drainage holes in the bottom which allow excess water to flow out. Transfer to a very large pot may result in damage to the roots as they will hold more water.The use of a potting mixture which is available with nurseries is effective at this stage as it contains no large particles of mud and allows free drainage of water.
Fertilizing Plants need to be fertilized fortnightly with a proper balance on N.P.K. There are the three elements that are most essential to the growth of all plants. Nitrogen is essential for the growth of the stem and leaves, phosphorous for the roots and potassium for the general sturdiness of the plant. There are ready chemical fertilizers with a mix of all three.
Pruning:Pruning is required to make the plant grow bushier and to give it the desired shape. It is also done to get rid of the diseased parts of the plant. Pruning should be done when the plant is in its active growing stage and should never be carried out in winter.
Disease and Pest Control:Most plant problems occur due to two reasons
– disease and pests. Be on a constant look-out for symptoms of plant disease. However do not wait for the plants to be affected and then take remedial action. – prevention is better than cure. Spray the plants fortnightly to prevent attack. To control pests a mixture of 1.5 ml of a broad – spectrum insecticide in one litre of water should be thoroughly sprayed on the plant especially on the underside of the leaves. To control a fungal attack, add a few pinches of a fungicide to water and spray the plant and thoroughly drench the roots as well. Insects may have to be handpicked and put into soapy water. The use of a forceful jet spray when spraying on infected plants would also remove most insects. A neem spray is an organic way to keep disease and pests at bay without any side effects. Biological control where natural pathogens are used to target specific insects is another natural method of control. Insects are not all harmful. Some are also helpful. Natural predators that help control certain types of pests should be encouraged in the garden.
Guidelines To Avoid Plant Problems
- adequate fertile soil with essential nutrients
- constant inspection and check on plants and any infected parts should be immediately removed and destroyed before it spreads.
- Overcrowding of plants can cause diseases since they require adequate sunlight, water and good air circulation.
- Water the soil as required and allow to dry out between watering, as overwatering can cause rotting problems.
- Remove all unnecessary old leaves, weeds, etc.
- Regularly turn soil and leave exposed to sunlight allowing it to sterilize.
- Check whether the insecticide being used is curative or preventive.
- Do not give any insecticide treatment on a hot sunny day as the plants could get scorched. Spray in the late evening when there is minimal air movement.
- Avoid spraying insecticide on delicate flowers and petals as they may be adversely affected.
- Use the required protective equipment like hand gloves and eyewear when spraying the plants.Most hotels are now including horticulture as an area of housekeeping responsibility. It is not uncommon to have the horticulturist double up to carry out flower arrangements in hotels. In hotels which have extensive outdoor areas including terraces there are many possibilities for gardening. The beauty of natural plants provides the feeling of being one with nature and the use of indoor plants in a hotel is the latest attempt to bring nature indoors.
OR (a) What are the principles of design? Explain with reference to flower arrangement.
The basic principles of art are also applicable to the art of flower arrangement. The principles are as follows:‐
Design:‐. All arrangements should have a proper design; that is the structural pattern of the arrangement which determines the shape, size and suitability of the various component parts and their relationship to each other.
For creating a good design the following points should be considered:
i)The stems should all flow from a central point, avoiding cross stems.
ii)The focal point(central area from which flowers and foliages appear to emerge) should be under the tallest point.
iii)The flower used should not be monotonous.
iv)The height, width and depth required to be proportionate.
v)The shape ought to be clearly defined.
Scaling /Proportion:‐Means the size relationship between the component parts of an arrangement, involving a good proportion between plant material, container, size and function.
To achieve correct scaling the points to be borne in mind are:
i)One should avoid using together very different types of material.
ii)Put huge flowers in a large low container rather than in a tall narrow one.
iii)No flower should be more than one‐third of the size of the container.
iv)If a round vase is used then use a round base.
v)One should fill 2⁄3 of the space in a given vase & use the surrounding space to set off the arrangement.
vii)The height of the material should be 1 & 11⁄2 times the height of the container (or the width of the container if it is long & low).
Balance:‐ It is shown in the way in which materials are grouped in a design and physical as well as visual balance needs to be considered.The components of balance are form(size which creates apparent weight) and colour( Darker color gives an impression of weight.
A)PHYSICAL BALANCE:
i)Symmetrical balance: This occurs when the material is so arranged that if we draw an imaginary line through the centre of the arrangement one would find visually equal distribution of material on each side of the line.
ii)Asymmetrical balance: This is so placed that high and light material on one side of the imaginary line, balanced by larger shorter material on the other side
iii)Balance by placement: Means that the arrangement is placed to one side of a long base.
iv)Balance by accessories: Means that anything from a figurine to leaves may be used on the weakest side.
B)VISUAL BALANCE: It can be achieved by following the points:
i)Dark flowers look heavier than pale ones. ii)Round flowers look heavier than conical ones.iii)Large flowers to be placed centrally and close to the bottom of the arrangement.
C)SUITABLE BACKGROUND:‐ The various aspects to be considered are:
- Style of the room
- Size of the room
- Type of wall surface
- Practicality
D)VARIETY OF PLANT TEXTURE:‐ Plant material comes in various textures like glossy, velvety, dull, and prickly. A glossy flower is brightened when placed next to matt foliage.
Rhythm:‐ This is the feeling of motion created by using curved lines.
It can be achieved by:
i)Using graduating sizes or different degrees of opening of the flowers
ii)Using curves stems
iii)Using foliages of various sizes and contrasting shapes
iv)Having an irregular line of various ‐ sized blooms
Proper Use Of Colour:‐ Colours should be used judicially.
Emphasis:‐ Emphasis should be achieved by creating a focal point or centre of interest.The usual methods of achieving emphasis are:
i)Include a small group of bold flowers (dominant material)
ii)Use an unusual container
iii)Use striking foliage and use dark leaves to accentuate light colors.
Harmony:‐ In the finished arrangement as a whole, the material used, the container, and accessories should harmonize into one overall framework.
Distinction:‐ This is the most important asset. Either your arrangement has it or not.
It is achieved by:
i)Using of unusual material
ii)Unusual method of emphasis has been used
iii)The color combination is useful
iv)The finish is perfect
v)A good contrast has built up a strong design.
Repetition:‐ In color and form is essential for the arrangement to look harmonious but it should not be carried too much. If not followed the arrangement looks incomplete and if overdone it is monotonous and overcrowded.
(b)List possible locations for flower arrangements in hotel in order to enhance ambience.
Placement Of Flower Arrangements
i)Low level (On the floor upto 8″): This type of arrangement is found in landscapes, urns ,floating arrangments etc.
ii)Eye level (18″ to 4 ft): Arrangements seen on TV tops, alcoves, coffee table, dressing table.
iii)High level (5 ft & above): Anything placed above eye level like arrangement found on pelmets & suspended from the ceiling.
Q.4. Draw a flow chart of an industrial laundry process and explain each stage.
OR Explain the nine steps of a typical wash process.
Flush– This dissolves and dilutes the water soluble salts to reduce the soil load for the upcoming suds steps. Items are generally flushed at medium temperature at high water levels.
Break– A high alkaline solution is added to remove soil along with additional flush. It is usually carried out in medium tempertaure.
Suds– detergent is added. The articles are n ow agitated in hot water at low water levels.Intermediate rinse/ carryover suds- This rinse cycle removes soils and alkalinity to help the bleach work more effectively later. It rinses linen at the same temperature as the suds.
Bleach– Added in cold water at low water levels. It kills bacteria, whitens fabric and removes stain.
Rinse– 2 or more rinses are required at a medium temperature and high water levels to remove detergents and soils from the linen.
Intermediate extract– The high speed spin removes the leftover detergents and soils from the linen. It should not be used on ironed linen.
Sour/softener/starch/sizing– used for conditioning fabrics. Runs at medium temperature at low water levels. Starch is added to stiffen cotton fabric.
Final extract– a high speed spin removes most of the moisture from the linen. The length of the spin depends upon the fabric type, extractor capacity and extractor speed.
Q.5. (a) Explain hotel guest laundry cycle using a flow chart.
(b) As a valet, what precautions will you take while handling guest garments?
Most hotels provide valet service for the to and fro transfer of Guest laundry. Valets collect the soiled guest laundry placed by the guest in the laundry bag along with the laundry list. They verify the contents of the laundry bag against the laundry list. If they do not match the guest is requested by the valet to rectify the mistake. Valets are also responsible for returning the laundry back to the guests according to their requests.However certain precautions need to be taken while handling of the guest laundry such as:
1. The laundry must be accompanied with the laundry list
2. The laundry list must be verified with the laundry in the bag for no discrepancies and disputes later.
3. Guest laundry from two different rooms must not be mixed together.
4. The guest laundry must be handled with care.
5. The laundry must be delivered on time according to the guest request.
6. Care must be taken to deliver the laundry to the correct room.
Q.6. Differentiate between the following:
(a) Laundry skip and Laundry slip
(b) Oasis and Pin holder
Oasis
1.Also called sponge
2.It is synthetically made
3.It has to be soaked until it become soft
4.The flowers are inserted in to sponge.
Pin Holder
1.Also called kenzan or needle-point holders
2.It is a series of sharply pointed pins are firmly held in a solid lead base
3.Purpose is to hold thick and heavy stems securely by impaling them on the pins.
(c) Standard sizes and made to measure uniforms Standard Size
1.It is basically an object that is regarded as the usual or most common size or form of its kind
2. The stock the deluxe models as well as the standards|
3. A rule or principle that is used as a basis for judgment
4. Standards for a new philosophical approach.
Made to Measure(MTM) Uniform
1.It typically refers to clothing that is sewn from a standard-sized base pattern
2. A tailored suit is a common example of a made-to-measure garment.
3.The fit of a made-to-measure garment is expected to be superior to that of a ready-towear garment.
(d) Line arrangement and Mass arrangement
Linen Arrangement
1.To make different shapes with linens used in the guest rooms Eg. towel art, pillow arrangement, curtain folds etc
Mass Arrangements
1.The mass arrangement is characterized by large quantities of plant material in a full,but not crowded design
2.The structural lines are not as clearly defined as in line and line-mass arrangements
3.The strongest line, top and auxiliary lines on the sides serve to lead to eye of the viewer to the focal area near the rim of the container
4.Mass arrangements are usually either a symmetrical or asymmetrical triangle or oval in form.
(e) Line hire and linen purchase
Linen Hire
1.To use the linen on rent or hiring basis
2.It is charged on the basis of use duration
3.Linen majorly hired at the time of any special functions or theme events
Linen Purchase
1.To purchase linen for the hotel when required.
2.Charged only at the time of purchasing the linen.
3.It is done by the hotel when the linen used by the hotel on daily basis gets discarded
Q.7. Classify stain and explain the principles of stain removal.
Types of stain :
Animal
Plant/vegetable
Mineral
Grease
Dyes and pigments
A stain is defined as a discolouration brought about by contact with a foreign substance which is difficult to remove.Like first-aid in an accident, the treatment of stains requires immediate action. Some of the first-aid treatments include blotting, grease absorbent, salt absorbent and often a cold water rinse.It is virtually impossible to guarantee stain removal, as the agents that are used to remove the stain often have an adverse effect on the fibre contained in the fabric.However a set of general rules for stain removal may serve as a guideline.
_ Identify the stain
_ Deal with the stain as quickly as possible. Remove excess staining material immediately.
_ Test the stain removal agent on an inconspicuous place.
_ Avoid hot water on an unknown stain.
_ Use simple methods before resorting to the use of chemicals.
_ Use milder agents then stronger ones.
_ Repeated mild applications are better than one strong one.
_ Ensure that the stain removal agent has been neutralized or washed away.
There are two major factors which are responsible for ensuring correct stain removal.One is the stain removal agent and the other is the method of stain removal. It is important to select the right stain removal agent. However this becomes complex due to the many fibres and fibre blends that are used in the fabric since they may get damaged by the agents used.
Q.8. Define any two:
(a) Dry cleaning
Dry cleaning is any cleaning process for clothing and textiles using a chemical solvent other than water. It is used to clean fabrics that degrade in water, and delicate fabrics that cannot withstand the rough and tumble of a washing machine and clothes dryer. It can eliminate labor-intensive hand washing. Unlike what its name implies, dry cleaning is not actually a ‘dry’ process. Clothes are soaked in a solvent other than water. The solvent used is typically toxic tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), which the industry calls “perc.” Perc is the most
widely used solvent across the world, although new solvents have become more popular in the United States and Europe.
(b) Physical inventory
1. It is a physical verification of linen by counting of the stock of all linen item.
2. It is carried out and periodic interval on at the time of the closing books for evaluation purpose.
3. Accurate recording of entries is important during physical inventory.
4. And after every 3 months and is known as quarterly inventory as well.
(c) Ikebana
Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It is more than simply putting flowers in a container. It is a disciplined art form in which the arrangement is a living thing where
nature and humanity are brought together. It is steeped in the philosophy of developing a closeness with nature. As is true of all other arts, ikebana is creative expression within certain rules of construction. Its materials are living branches, leaves, grasses, and blossoms. Its heart is the beauty resulting from color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the
meaning latent in the total form of the arrangement. Ikebana is, therefore, much more than mere floral decoration.The growing appreciation of Japanese art and architecture in the West has extended to the Japanese way with flowers. Ikebana is an art, in the same sense that painting and sculpture are arts. It has a recorded history; it is backed up by articulate theories; and it is concerned with creativity. In Japan, flower arrangements are used as decorations on a level with paintings and other art objects.
(d) Conditioning of plant material
Conditioning is preparing the cut flowers to prolong their longevity in displays and ensure they look their best. Condition the cut stems by following these simple steps:
- Strip all the leaves from the bottom half to two-thirds of each stem. As a general rule, any foliage below the water level should be removed to prevent it rotting in the water
For best results, re-cut all stems. Use a sharp knife or secateurs to avoid crushing the stems and reducing their ability to take up water and nutrients Cut the stems to length with a clean, angled cut without leaving jagged edges that could lead to decay - Place prepared stems in a bucket of clean water and leave in a cool place for at least two to three hours or, ideally, overnight. This will allow the flowers to drink before being
brought into a warmer environment - Some plants with soft stems and heavy flower head, such as tulips and gerberas, are prone to bending. If left, the stem will remain in this position. To straighten the stems,
wrap the bunch flowers in newspaper and stand them deeply in water for at least two hours – ideally over night
# Special requirements (It is a bit extra manage your self)
- Woody flower stems (roses) should have an additional vertical cut – Woody the base of the stem to a length of about 5cm (2in)
- Hammering the bottom of woody stems is often suggested, but this may increase the rate of bacterial infection and is not usually necessary
- Stems prone to drooping, such as poppy, euphorbia, smyrnium and hellebores can be sealed by dipping the bottom 2.5cm (1in) of the stems into hot water (just off the boil) for 20-30 seconds. Always wear gloves when handling euphorbia to protect skin from its irritant milky sap
- Try to revive drooping roses with the hot water treatment described above. Remember to re-cut the stems first
- Condition the stems of plants with hollow stems such as delphinium, amaryllis and lupins by filling the stem with water.
Q.9. Hotel Retreat has 100 double rooms supplying three bed sheets a day.Calculate par stock for bed sheet, mattress protector, pillowcase, hand towel and bath towel.
Q.10. Give the correct term for the following:
(a) Japanese flower arrangement with fruits and nuts. ikebana morimono
(b) The other name for a Roller press. Flat Work Iron
(c) Process of removing stain from a fabric. Stain removal
(d) Protective covers worn on the thumb during sewing. Thimble
(e) Greenery added to the flower arrangement. Fillers
(f) Vertical passage for transporting soiled linen to laundry. Linen Chute
(g) Name of self-service laundries. Laundromats
(h) Hotel linen unfit for use in circulation. Discard Linen
(i) Chewing gum stain is classified under. Chemical Stain
(j) Soap film is also known.